戰後初期日本傳播學的重建與亞洲傳媒研究理論框架的形成

The Restructuring of Mass Communication in Japan during the Early Post-war Period, and the Theoretical Frameworks for Media Studies in Asia

作為初探性研究，本文首先解釋日本國內亞洲論的特徵、釐清戰後主流政治勢力的亞洲觀，進一步窺探戰後初期（1945 年到整個1960年代）日本傳播學界如何建構對亞洲地區傳播環境的想像與實踐。此時不僅是美日合作建構政經體系的年代，對日本傳播學界而言，更是歷經德國新聞學、宣傳學轉變為美式大眾傳播學的轉捩點。大眾傳播學的輸入表面上有建設民主化日本的意圖，但觀察研究取向的變化與當時政經環境的關係，可以看出日本傳播學界研究亞洲的理論框架是否產生質變，而這個變化又是如何回應了主流政治勢力的亞洲觀。從結論看來，歷史學與社會心理學作為今後大眾傳播學的兩大取向，讓戰前以來日本社會科學領域中馬克思主義取向的傳統逐漸消逝，間接造就傳播學界的亞洲研究著重在歷史學取向的「報業四理論（four theories of the press）」及社會心理學取向的「發展傳播理論（theory of development communication）」。又這些理論作為觀看亞洲傳播環境的方法，也正好回應了日本主流政治勢力的亞洲觀及國族國家的政經需求。

In this preliminary research, we first described the characteristics of Japanese theoretical concepts regarding Asia, clarified such concepts from the perspective of post-war mainstream political forces, and then investigated how Japanese scholars in the field of mass communication interpreted images and practices from the communication environment in Asia during the early postwar period(from 1945 to the 1960s). This era not only featured cooperation between the United States and Japan to establish political and economic systems, but also marked a turning point for the Japanese academic communication community with their adoption of American-style mass communication. For the Japanese academic communication community, mass communication was previously influenced by the German style of journalism and propaganda. On the surface, the concept of mass communication imported from the United States was intended to establish a democratic Japan. However, by observing the changes in the research approach and its relationship with the political and economic environment, one can determine that the theoretical frameworks used by the communication community in Japan underwent a qualitative change and how this change revealed the views of Asia held by the mainstream political forces. The results showed that the Japanese academic communication community has set historical and social-psychological approach, gradually eliminating the traditional Marxist approach within the field of social science in pre-war Japan. This indirectly indicated that the focus of Asian studies conducted in Japan was the historical approach (i.e., The Four Theories of the Press) and the social psychological approach (i.e., The Theory of Development Communication). These theories were used to assess the communication environment in Asia and could be used to reflect the views of Asia held by the mainstream political forces, also presented the political and economic demands of the nation.