社區獨居老人社會照顧模式之研究：以台灣及日本在宅服務方案為例

Social Care Programs in Communities for the Elderly Living Alone: A Comparative Study between Taiwan and Japan

我國老年人口比於民國82 年達到7.1%，正式邁入了高齡化社會（ageing society），預計於民國107 年達到14.6%，進入高齡社會（aged society），並於民國114 年達到20.1%，成為超高齡社會（super-aged society）（行政院國家發展委員會，2014）。隨著我國人口年齡結構的不斷老化，老年人口的增多，使得獨居老人的議題，也逐漸成為眾所矚目的焦點。我國社區獨居老人的照顧模式，多由民間慈善團體，或地方政府以公私協力的方式，委由民間非營利組織辦理。在「在地老化」（aging in place）的理念下，在宅服務方案的類型，多著重於電話問安、送餐服務、關懷訪視、家務整理、支持陪伴等。然而，這樣的服務模式，雖有考量到「送服務到家」，卻缺乏「以案主為中心」的思維，無法提升並滿足獨居老人社會參與的能力及需求。因此，本研究欲分析台灣及日本的社區獨居老人在宅服務方案，藉由比較研究方法，瞭解日本在宅服務方案的相關經驗，以作為我國未來在宅服務方案之參考。

In 1993, the percentage of elderly people had reached 7.1% of the entire population of Taiwan. This demographic change meant that Taiwan is becoming an aging society. The ratio of aged population will continue to increase to 14.6% in 2018 and 20.1% in 2025 (National Development Council, 2014). Therefore, the Taiwanese society will become a super-aged society in prospective. On this stem, the elderly who are living alone become a focal point of social issue. In Taiwan, the community care for the elderly living alone, including senior helpline, meal delivery service, home visiting, housework service, accompany services, etc., are mainly provided by non-profit organizations. These programs deliver services to the elderly in communities to accommodate to the idealistic aging population, however, the concept of client-centred services are insufficient in these programs. They do not facilitate the social participation nor do they satisfy the miscellaneous needs of the elderly people living alone. In this research, I adopt a comparative research method to compare policies of the elderly living alone between Taiwan and Japan. Through an international comparison, we can depict the differences of policies regarding the elderly living alone between Taiwan and Japan. Finally, we can obtain crucial objectives from Japan’s experiences to improve the home services for the elderly living alone in Taiwan.