由墨家兼愛的現實關懷走向超個人的專業精神

To Head for the Professionalism of Transpersonal from the Realistic Concern of Mohists' Love-Without-Distinction

「超個人」(transpersonal)意謂突破個體之局限而走向群體的共同處境。近代以 來強調個體、主體之思潮的結果，卻掉入了個體主義乃至自我主義之私我的封閉自我之窠臼；個體意識高於集體思維，個體行為重於集體考量，造成自我（小我）與群體（大我）的逐漸疏離。「超個人」之思潮正是欲突破小我的這層障蔽以回歸大我，肯定自我就是大我的一部分以及認同自我於其中的角色及定位。在中國思想上，墨家根源於天志之無差等的兼愛，一視同仁而無親疏、遠近、厚薄之愛的對待，注重情境內的具體踐諾，互利互惠，最能體現「超個人」思維之實踐。「專業」(profession)表達出在一個人的生涯內全幅心力的付出， 將一種專門知識落實的服務；所以我們可說「專業」就是一個人的「生涯事業」。專業在社會中的落實即是「職業」(occupation)。職業固然是一份謀生計以養家活口的工作，但是無論任何種類的職業都必須是合於理性、合乎社會規範（倫理），在一定程度上是為社會謀福利的工作。而一門專業不就是相應於一種職業，一門專業在不同職業的情境中即有其不同的表現形式與實踐行動，同時展現出專業人在社會中的不同角色與定位。雖然專業人因其職業不同而可能有不同的社會地位與功能，但是一門專業無論處於何種情境，總不失其專業取向及其目的，譬如說：一名護理專業人無論是在一般醫療院所、療養院或是護理之家等等不同的職業環境工作，「促進健康、預防疾病、維持健康、減輕痛苦」皆為護理專業人的基本職責及目的。由於專業訴諸職業而展現對社會的貢獻；由於職業方面的賺取，專業人得以生活於社會之中。這正是社會中每一個人互惠互利的基本結構。這正符合墨家提出兼愛作為對社會的現實關懷，也正是走向超個人的社會實踐。那麼，既然專業以及專業落實於社會的職業是為社會生活最為重要之部分；由墨家兼愛的現實關懷培育專業人的專業責任也就自然順理成章了。個人愈是投入專業，則愈為投入互惠互利之社會結構的建構，愈顯現小我在大我之內的角色及作用，即是走向超個人的專業精神。

Transpersonal means to break the limit of individual and head for the common situation of community. Ever since the modern age began, the current of thought emphasizing individual and subject results in falling into the individualism and even egoism of selfishness that is a stereotype of closing on one's own. It causes gradually estranging the individual (the little self) from the collective (the big self) that individual consciousness is higher than collective thought and individual behavior is more important than collective consideration. The thought of transpersonal exactly wants to break through the obstruction of the little self in order to come back to the big self and to affirm that the self is precisely a part of the big self and to identify the role and the position of the self in the midst. In Chinese thinking, Mohists' Love-Without-Distinction originating the Will of Tian （天志）that can express the practice of transpersonal extremely is the love of treating everyone without discrimination and yet without intimacy or unfamiliarity, without remote or close, and without munificence or parsimony, and lays stress on the concrete fulfillment in situation and mutual beneficence. Profession expresses that one pays her/his full mental power in her/his career to serve practically with a kind of specialized knowledge. Therefore, we can say that profession is precisely the career business of one's life. Profession practicing in society is occupation. Occupation is surely a job of making a living to support family and one's self life. However, no matter what kind of occupation it is, it must conform to the reason and social standard, and must be a job of striving for welfare for the society to some extent. Otherwise, a profession is not exactly correspondent with an occupation, and a profession has different manifestation and practice in the situation of different occupations that present in the same time the different role and position of a professional in society. Though professionals may have different social positions and functions because of their different occupations, no matter what situation a profession is placed in that always will not lose its orientation and purpose. For example, a nursing professional no matter she/he is working in general medical institutions, sanatorium, or nursing home, etc., of different occupational environment, 'promoting health, preventing disease, maintaining healthily, and easing pain' are always the fundamental charges and purposes of a nursing professional. Accordingly, profession appeals to occupation to develop the contributions to the society, and professionals because of the earning of occupation can live in society. It is exactly the fundamental structure of the society in which everybody is mutual benefit to each other, and precisely corresponds with the Love-Without-Distinction proposed by Mohists as the realistic concern to the society, and also heads for the social practice of transpersonal. Then, since the profession and the occupation of profession practicing in society are the most important part of social life, to cultivate the professional responsibilities of a professional from the realistic concern of Mohists' Love-Without-Distinction that the more one throws oneself into one's profession, the more constructing the social structure of mutual benefit, and the more seeming the role and functions of little self in big self, and that is to head for the professionalism of transpersonal.