薩爾問題：德法諒解及歐洲整合的關鍵

Saar Problem: The Key to Franco-German Reconciliation and European Integration

自一戰結束以迄1955年底為止的薩爾問題，係屬德法關係上一個極為敏感的爭議問題，該問題肇端於從19世紀後半至20世紀前期，法國三度遭受德國軍事攻擊而導致全境凌夷乃至於國土淪喪，痛徹心扉之餘決心在兩次世界大戰之後推動將萊茵區從德國割離的對德政策，然受制於國際因素，遂改以佔領及實質控制薩爾區作為執行法國安全政策的主軸。因此在一戰及二戰結束後，薩爾區兩度在法國主導下而成為一個不隸屬於德國的自治政治單位，使得薩爾問題兩度成為法德關係上的障礙。尤其是二戰結束未久、東西敵對態勢明朗化之後，基於西德置身抗蘇的戰略前哨地帶之故，使其在美國支持下的重起勢所必然，此舉卻明顯有違法國的對德政策，致使法國遂以薩爾歸屬的爭端充當牽制西德再起的工具。從1949至1955年間舉凡涉及於兩國外交事務者，莫不牽連至薩爾問題，連帶使攸關西歐集體安全組織設立及歐洲整令進程屢受無謂的波及，直至1955年年底的薩爾第二次歸屬公民投票作出歸屬西德的決定後，由薩爾問題所牽連到的德法諒解及歐洲安全與歐洲整合議題才得以迎刃而解。本文試圖由薩爾問題的形成、該問題如何牽動著德法關係的發展、薩爾歸屬的爭端對於歐洲整合之途的影響、薩爾內部輿情的演變及其對於薩爾問題最終解決所扮演的關鍵性角色，進行分析，期能通盤明暸薩爾問題作為德法諒解及歐洲整合的棘手障礙之所由。

From the end of World War I to the end of 1955, the Saar Problem was an extremely sensitive and controversial issue in the Franco-German relations. The Saar issue happened during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, when France thrice suffered from German invasion and subsequent territorial occupation by Germany. After World War II, the French policy on Germany of France was to segregate the Rhine Region from Germany. However, because of some international factors, France was forced to change to occupy or substantially control the Saar area, which became the main French policy of implementing national security. Therefore, after the end of World Wars I and II, Saar was twice diverted by France to become an autonomous political unit separating from Germany. Consequently, the Saar problem became the obstacle on the Franco-German relationship, twice. In particular, when World War II was just over, hostilities between the United Stated and the Soviet Union gradually arose. As an outpost position of standing against the Soviet Union, it was naturally to see West Germany's growing reception of American support, and unfortunately, this violated the policy of France on Germany, which resulted in France's taking advantage of Saar dispute as containment for the resurgence of West Germany. From 1949 to 1955, everything that related to the foreign affairs of the two countries would involve the Saar issue, even including both the establishment of the organization of collective security in Western Europe and the process of European integration, which were frequently and unnecessarily affected by the controversial Saar issue. Until the end of 1955, the Second Saar Statute referendum concluded that Saar belongs to West Germany. Then, the implicated problems of Saar, the Franco-German Reconciliation, and the themes of European security and integration, obtained a solution, finally. This article attempts to analyze the formation of the Saar problem, and how the problem affected the development of the Franco-German relationship and the European integration, and the evolvement of public discourse in the Saar region as well as how an ultimate solution was achieved. Through this study, one would realize why the Saar problem could be an obstacle of European integration, and how Franco-German Reconciliation could be obtained.