十七世紀在華耶穌會士的傳教策略－－陽瑪諾《天問略》中的「巧器」與「天堂」

he Case Study of Narrative Strategy: 'the Telescope' and 'Heaven' in Tianwelüe

《天問略》一書乃是十七世紀葡萄牙籍耶穌會士陽瑪諾所著。本文以《天問略》為例，試圖從文本敘事分析的角度，重新釐清耶穌會士究竟如何在其著作中結合傳教任務與當時西方最新的「科學新知」。本文探究的問題如下：第一，透過陽瑪諾的敘事策略，進窺他對「天主」、「天堂」之敘述，與引進伽利略(Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642)的望遠鏡（即「巧器」）觀測天文訊息之問，如何構成一個前後呼應的脈絡？第二，清代以來知識界又採取怎樣的立場來閱讀《天問略》？本文一方面透過《四庫全書》所收《天問略》之版本為基礎，作為理解清代官方解讀《天問略》的取徑；另一方面，取材自清代《楚辭》學者之注解，分析其〈天問〉與傳教士「天重數」論調之關聯。第三，本文以先後入華之利瑪竇(Mattco Ricci, 1552-1610)與湯若望(P.J. Adam Schall von Bell, 1591-1666)等人的著作，藉此比較耶穌會士引介天文學知識的異同；並同時對照陽瑪諾在《天問略》所安排的「十二重天」與「巧器」之特色。

Tianwelüe (《天問略》) was the work written by Jesuit Emmanuel Diaz Jr. (1574-1659) in seventeenth century China. The purpose of this article is to examine the narrative strategy used by Emmanuel Diaz Jr. in order to explain how he connected with two different ideas, missionary and scientific knowledge in one book, the telescope and the heaven as well. Three important issues would be pursued in this article. Firstly, how Emmanuel Diaz Jr. constructed his framework in the book Tianwelüe from the Heaven and the report the astronomical observations by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)? Secondly, what kind of perspective did Chinese readers choose to read Tianwelüe? This arrticle will review some seclected matericals, especially the perspective from Emperor's Four Treasuries (《四庫全書》) in Ching dynasty and the perspective which represented the ideas from the interpretations of Chu'tz (《楚辭》). Thirdly, what were the differences between publications of Jesits Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) and P. J. Adam Schall von Hell (1591-1666) on astronomical knowledge in comparison with Tianwelüe? By doing this, we can see the characteristic of Tianwelüe in the Heaven and the telescope and how did Jesuits combine the religious task and western knowledge in late sixteenth and early of seventeenth century in China.