客死異國和落葉歸根之間的國與家：以南北朝的降人為考察中心

The Country and the Family between to Die Abroad and to Bring Back Remains Home for Burial: Study on the Funeral Serice and Burial of the People Who Has Surrendered in the South and North Dynasties

四世紀末南北朝政權對峙局面形成之後，南北「和戰」關係的瞬時變化，以及政權內部頻繁的權力爭奪，自願乃至被迫而不得不流亡或降附於「敵峙」異國的「降人」很多。他們離開了「國」與「家」而寄寓於異國。頓時之間，不僅要面對遭遇室家離析之殘酷，忍受與親人生死域隔的苦痛，還要接受新環境的生活挑戰。而且，隨著時間的流逝，也得要面對客死異國或落葉歸根的身後喪葬大事。最後到底是客死異國，還是落葉歸根呢？又，在客死異國和落葉歸根之間，國與家究竟要擺在什麼位置呢？再者，對故土親人而言，他們該如何處理這樣橫跨敵峙兩國的喪葬呢？相對地，桑梓故國和降附新國兩者之間，基於統治之需要，對於降人喪葬是否也有相關規範和限制呢？一旦統治權力涉入，不論降人本身抑或親屬，他們是屈服地遵守規範，還是違抗地另尋他法呢？顯然，降人客死異國或落業歸根，不但是個人的喪葬問題，同時也是國與家的喪葬問題。無疑地，這是一個深富時代意義而值得一探究竟的課題。本文擬以西元五三四年（西魏文帝大統元年；東魏孝靜帝天平元年；梁武帝中大通六年）北魏分裂為東魏西魏為界，劃分成南北朝前期和後期，依時間先後順序進行問題考察與探究。

The essay would study on the the country and the family in the funeral serice and burial of the surrendered people in the South and North Dynasties. Because of the war between the South and the North and the political strife inside the country, many people in this time had surrendered to the hostile country. In disregard of the surrender would be at one's free will or be compelled, how would they deal with their funeral serice and burial at the living time or after death? to die abroad or to bring back remains home for burial ? No matter what they had selected and decided, what was the position of the country and the family ? Moreover, were there the limitations or rules come from the countries the mother country and the hostile country? Undoubtedly, it is not only the problem of the country, but also the problem of the family too.