俾斯麥與1878年〈反社會主義者法〉的頒布

Bismarck and the Publication of Anti-Socialist Law in 1878

俾斯麥在完成了德國的政治統一後，他所領導的德國統一大業以及因而顛覆了歐洲原有的均勢，都使他不僅在國際關係上必須建立起一套結盟體系來維護他所精心建立的德意志帝國，同時在內政上也必須盡力，使統一的帝國不再分裂或使帝國現狀以及他所效忠的君主體制不受到危害。在這樣的思維下，他對德國天主教展開了「文化鬥爭」(Kulturkampf)，隨後對正在成長中的社會主義勞工運動頒布了〈反社會主義者法〉(Sozialistengesetz)，目的是使社會民主勞工黨及工會運動能在未壯大之前即予以剷除。事實上，俾斯麥所領導建立的德意志帝國，對德國能由一個工業化起步較晚的國家，發展成具有強大競爭力，並在許多領域都居領導地位的世界經濟強權，確實很有所助益，但是在政治權力及社會關係上，普魯士仍維持著一個由容克貴族(Junkertum)及工商與金融業的資產階級掌握權力的君主威權體制。而這樣的體制在俾斯麥主政時代是絕不容挑釁的。本文探討的重點是試圖由當時的政經社會背景來分析俾斯麥頒布〈反社會主義者法〉的深層原因，並進一步瞭解這位政治領導人如何運用對媒體的掌控及對國會的分化來達成他自己的政治目的。又由於〈反社會主義者法〉針對的是德國的社會民主勞工運動，因此在文中也將概述其發展與成長的情形。

After Bismarck completed the political unification of Germany, such unification upset the original European balance of power. In order to maintain the integrity of German Empire, to which he was devoted, Bismarck had not only to set up an alliance system to protect it but also to adopt measures to make sure that nothing internal would jeopardize this unified Germany and the monarchy he was loyal to would remain safe. For this sake he conducted a ”cultural struggle” (Kulturkampf) against the Catholic Church. In order to react against the rising socialist labor movement, he published the ”Anti-Socialist Law” (Sozialistengesetz) to nip in the bud the Social-Democratic-Labor Party and trade union movement. The German Empire under his guidance rendered Germany, a later comer in industrialization, into a highly competitive economic power that took a leading position in many fields. However, in its political power and social structure, Prussia maintained a monarchical patriarchy supported by Junkertum, industrialist capitalist and financial magnates that together controlled all the powers. Such a system should never be challenged while Bismarck was in power. The purpose of this research is to start from the political, economic and social background for an inquiry into why Bismarck published the Anti-Socialist Law. It will attempt, in addition, to understand how this political leader manipulated the mass media and how he divided and ruled the parliament to achieve his political goal. Because the Anti-Socialist Law was aimed at the social democratic movement, this paper will also give a sketch of its development.