私法判決的形式與實質

Form and Substance on the Private Law Adjudication

關於私法判決的理論，存在形式與實質兩種維度。處理形式問題的兩種對立的修辭模式分別為規則控制與標準衡平，而對待實質問題也存在個人主義與利他主義兩種相反修辭模式。形式修辭中的規則控制模式主張適用形式化的一般規則，而標準衡平模式則支持適用標準作出特定判決。實質修辭中的個人主義主張追求私利的合法性，提倡自立、自治及自決；利他主義則要求犧牲、分享並充滿仁慈，其目標為干涉、管制及家長主義，兩者的衝突由戰前的道德與政策的對抗，歷經古典個人主義的自由意志時期，發展到現代矛盾性的並列。形式與實質兩維度之間存在著內在的關聯，兩者都具有類似的道德、經濟和政制的主張，規則立場與個人主義、標準取向與利他主義都存在著諸多的一致性，形式模式的選擇僅僅是實質目的追求的手段，因此，必須把兩者結合起來才能為私法領域判決確定一個合理的標準。

There are two dimensions of from and substance on the theory of private law adjudication. The two opposed rhetorical modes for dealing with questions of form are 'rule of law' and 'equitable standard', and there are two opposed modes for dealing with substantive issues, which could be called individualism and altruism. The mode of 'rule of law' argues for formally realizable general rules, by contrast, the mode of 'equitable standard' advocates applying particular standard to make decisions. Individualists justify the pursuit of selfish, and advocate self-reliance、autonomy and self-datermination. On the contrary, altruists whose objects are intervention、regulation and paternalism, require to make sacrifice, to share, and to be merciful. The sense of a conflict between individualism and altruism emerged at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and experienced three phases of The Antebellum Period、Classical Individualism and Modern Legal Thought. The substantive and formal dimensions are related because the same moral, economic and political arguments appear in each. There is a connection, in the rhetoric of private law, between individualism and a preference for rules, and between altruism and a preference for standards. The choice between formal modes is often instrumental to the pursuit of substantive objectives; we should combine the two legal thoughts to make our decisions.