論我國國家法律人格的雙重性－－兼談國家所有權實現的私法路徑

羅馬法的法律人格概念是對自然人法律地位和法律關係主體的資格進行的高度概括和抽象，它是法律技術的產物，是一種制度擬制的結果。法律人格學說經歷了從自然人法律人格演進到團體法律人格以及國家法律人格的過程，使得法律人格呈現出三種類型。國家法律人格的獲得同樣是制度擬制的結果。國家（政府）這一抽象主體同時具有公法人格和私法人格。國家人格主要屬於公法或者國際私法上的範疇。而在中國，國家（政府）也時常出入私法領域，致使我國國家雙重法律人格存在著重疊混同、任意置換等問題，且主要表現在國家所有權行使方式、國家經濟管理模式等方面。我國國家法律人格雙重性問題有其社會、制度、體制以及法制等方面的因素。我國國家法律人格區分適法，可以有效解決國家所有權實現等問題。

The conception of personality in Roman Law, an outcome of the artificial law and also a kind of legal fiction, is used to describe abstractly the legal status or it’s qualification as a subject in the legal relationship. Theories on this topic include three branches: human being, corporation and the state. The personality of the state is also an outcome of legal fiction. As an abstract legal subject, state (government) bears the trait both of public law and private law. Ordinarily, we talk about the personality of the state only in the international context, but, in China, this legal subject often appears in private law, which makes it’s legal personality taking two aspects and also these two aspects often interchangeable. We can see this from the following fact: Chinese government plays double roles in domestic marketing economy in performing what it should do as an ordinary property-owner, and also in performing its marketing-management function as an office of the government. The mixture of the state’s dual personality results from many causes. And this article tries to search for these causes and then introduces some possible way to settle the problems it brought.