自己決定權與公序－－婚姻家庭‧成年人監護‧腦死亡

現代日本社會中的各個領域以及各種語境下都在談論自己決定權。從私法學的觀點進行整理的話，可以看出其三種不同的性質。第一，使強行法規對一定社會關系的強制相對化的自己決定權；第二，使國家和中間團體（企業、學校等）確保個人自由領域的自己決定權；第三，在修正契約當事人之間的信息差距時援用的自己決定權。本文選取第一個自己決定權，即“作為公序相對化原理的自己決定權”，探討其法律性質和在現代社會的意義。具體要探討的對象是：1.以引進選擇性夫婦別姓制度為課題的家族法修改問題；2 . 旨在協調尊重自己決定和本人保護之間關系的成年人監護制度；3 . 在腦死亡和器官移植爭論中提到的自己決定權。通過這些探討指出，這些領域中的自己決定權不是本來意義上的權利，因為侵犯這種權利並不當然要做出違法評價。因此，僅僅提出自己決定權並不能夠使公序相對化正當化，公序應否相對化最終還要在公序那裡尋求正當性。為研究之便，把公序分為“政治的公序”和“保護的公序”，作為結論，本文指出，對於前者，需要為尊重自己決定權而謀求相對化，但是後者的相對化應該慎重。

“Right of Self-determination” is prevalent in various fields and contexts in Contemporary Japan. The private-law perspective shows us three different types of the right: 1) the right to loosen some social relations coerced by mandatory legal norms (or public Order), 2) the right to secure the sphere of individual freedom against the state and intermediate groups such as business organizations and schools, and 3) the right to narrow the Information gap among contract parties. The first type of the right of Self-determination is studied in this article. Three concrete examples are discussed here: 1) the prospective amendment of family law to make the range of personal choice on family wider, especially the controversial termination of one-surname-for-one-family policy, 2) the wardship for majors which was established with the ideal of harmony between self-determination and protection, 3) the right of self-determination concerned with brain death and organ plant. Analysis of these examples reveals that the‘right of self-determination’referred to there is different from the ordinary legal rights infringement of which is by definition unlawful. The legitimate alleviation of coercive power of public order needs therefore more than just employment of the right of self-determination. It eventually depends on whether the public order is justifiable or not. It proposes then in conclusion the distinction between political public-order and protective public-order. While alleviation of the former is expected for the regard of the right of self-determination, the latter should be held sound.