《道德經》領導智慧的現代意義－－系統性的探索

Modern Implications of Leadership Wisdom from “Tao Te Ching” --A Systemic Approach

《道德經》思想被廣泛應用在政治、管理和個人修養等領域，此典籍成書於春秋時代，就治理國家的議題提供了許多豐富的觀點，同時也受到研究領導思想的學者們重視。然而國內外有關《道德經》思想的研究，大多止於描述性的論述，缺乏以嚴謹的社會科學研究方法為基礎加以結構化剖析者，故本研究擬先採用內容分析法，針對《道德經》中的文字進行頻次統計，嘗試揭櫫經常重複出現的重要領導概念。接著，更進一步以西方現代領導理論架構作為平台，將《道德經》之領導思想意涵轉化成現代領導理論的語言，建構出《道德經》中領導思想的整體分析性架構，最後，俾便進行中西方領導思想的對話與比較分析。根據《道德經》原文的內容分析結果，可發現《道德經》相當重視道德修養和尊重人本等核心概念，強調「無為」、順服自然（情境）以及關懷員工的民主式領導方式：領導者應重視自我提升品德修養，藉由潛移默化的方式來影響部屬，並在適時因應環境變化與關懷員工的原則下，適切地變換領導方式。同時，在《道德經》之現代領導意義的整體分析性架構之下，中西方理論思想的比較分析結果顯示，《道德經》的領導思想多能與各項主要西方現代領導學派找到相互呼應的觀點，本研究於文中有詳細之討論和列表整理。

The wisdom of “Tao Te Ching” is widely used in politics, management, and human morals. “Tao Te Ching” was published in Period of the Spring and Autumn. It applies much meaningful viewpoints for administrating a country. This ancient book is also valued by scholars of leadership studies. However, most studies of “Tao Te Ching” are limited to mere descriptions of its content, and do not apply enough rigorously social science-based methodologies for related research purposes. First, this study applies the methodology of content analysis to elucidate “Tao Te Ching”s content（ single words） to find out its modern understanding of leadership thoughts. Then, an analytical framework of leadership thoughts from “Tao Te Ching” is constructed based on the important concepts of modern western leadership theories. And, studies concentrate on the comparison of leadership thoughts between 'Tao Te Ching' with each school of western leadership theories. The finding of content analysis indicates that “Tao Te Ching“ emphasizes concepts of moral and Humanism, and recommends leadership behaviors of democracy and obey the nature (contingent). It concentrates on the effective leadership style（called 'inaction' leadership type） of promoting self morals, change leadership behavior according to situations, and based on the principle of caring employees, to utilizing latent persuasions to influence employees to achieve goals. And, based on the analytical framework of modern leadership meanings of “Tao Te Ching“, the comparative analysis between “Tao Te Ching“ and western leadership theories shows that much leadership thoughts of “Tao Te Ching“ are similar with that of each school of western leadership theories. Discussions and comparative tables are offered.