語意翻譯與溝通翻譯之比較研究

A comparative Study on Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation

In practical translation experiences, semantic translation and communicative translation play equally attractive translation roles because of their characteristics of accuracy and economy in translation activities. In comparison semantic translation with communicative translation, semantic translation aims to express a fine substance, and communicative translation aims to present an ideal situation. Therefore, semantic translation and communicative translation can reflect difference and compensation each other. According to Peter Newmark, many writers favored some point of 'free' translation which emphasized the spirit not the letter ; the sense not the words; the message not the form; the matter not the manner (Newmark P., 1988, p. 45). In view of translation theory and practice, Peter Newmark divided the translation into emphasis on source language translation and emphasis on target language translation, in which the former includes Word-for-Word Translation, Literal Translation, Faithful Translation, Semantic Translation, and the latter includes Adaptation, Free Translation, Idiomatic Translation, Communicative Translation. As a matter of function, semantic translation and communicative translation are more accepted in usage. Since the 19th century up to now, multiple translation methodologies are going on rising steps, but semantic translation and communicative translation are still the same from the beginning of 20th century in evident function and positive influence in translation practices.在實際的翻譯經驗中，語意翻譯與溝通翻譯因具有正確（accuracy）與精簡（economy）之特色而在翻譯實務中扮演同等引人注意的翻譯角色。就比較觀點而言，語意翻譯旨在表達美好本質而溝通翻譯則意在呈現理想情境。因此兩者相互反應彼此的差別與互補之特性。翻譯學者彼得‧紐馬克（Peter Newmark）指出很多作家偏好某種「自由」式之翻譯，強調翻譯重點在精神（spirit）而非字義（letter）；在理念（sense）而非字詞（words）；在訊息（message）而非形式（form）；在神似（matter）而非形似（manner）。他並就翻譯理論與實務觀點而將翻譯又分為強調原文（源出語）之翻譯及強調譯文（目標語）之翻譯；其中前者包含字對字翻譯（Word-for-Word Translation）、直譯（Literal Translation）、忠實翻譯（Faithful Translation）、語意翻譯（Semantic Translation）；而後者包括編譯（Adaptation）、意譯（Free Translation）、慣用語翻譯（Idiomatic Translation）、溝通翻譯（Communicative Translation）。就功能而言，語意翻譯及溝通翻譯在使用上較受肯定。自十九世紀迄今，多元翻譯方法論方興未艾，但語意翻譯及溝通翻譯自二十世紀初以來，一直存在其明顯功能及正面影響。