民事訴訟目的之反思與司法保護說之倡導

The Reflection on the purpose of the Civil Litegations and the Advocating of the Theory of Judicial Protection

民事訴訟目的應當是當事人運用民事訴訟制度的目的和國家確立民事訴訟制度的目的的統一，兩方面有重合之處，也可能存在衝突。民事訴訟目的學說應當能夠最大限度接近真實、合乎情理地解釋絕大多數民事訴訟現象，使兩方面的交集最大化。現有的相關學說，如權利保護說、維護法律秩序說、糾紛解決說、程序保障說、利益保障說、平衡論、多元說和多層次說等，均存在一定不足，在很大程度上是因為其理論模型過於簡單化、理想化。通過糾紛產生和解決過程的大視野審視民事訴訟現象，本文提出司法保護說，認為當事人參加民事訴訟的目的是以法律為攻擊防御手段，從民事訴訟中獲得利益、減少不利益；國家確立民事訴訟制度的目的是通過司法程序保護當事人的合法正當權益，對不合法、不正當的主張則不予支持和保護。這一學說契合民事訴訟實踐，有效整合了民事訴訟目的的兩個方面，對民事訴訟制度的完善也具有一定意義。The purpose of the civil litigations, which ahould contain the purpose that the parties to use the civil litigation system and the state's purpose to establish the system, is the unity of the two aspects of purpose. There is an overlap between the two aspects, also conflicts. The doctrines about the purpose of the civil litigation should be able to explain the vast majority of related phenomena most closely to the reality and reasonably, and to maximize the intersection of the two aspects above. The existed elevant theories, such as the theory of right protection, the theory of maintenance of law and order, the theory of dispute resolution, the theory of procedure safeguards, the theory of interest safegaurds, the balance theory, the plurality theory and the multi-layered theory, all have some defects, largely because their hypothetical model is too simplistic and idealistic. After having reviewed the cicil litigation phenomena in a wide vision over the process from the arising to the resolving od disputes, the theory of judicial protection believes, that the parties' purpose to participate in the civil litigation is to take the law as a means of attack defense as to obtain benefits or reduce harm, and the state's purpose to establish the civil litigation system is to protect the legal and justified rights, while the illegal and improper claims should not be supported or protected.