民法上的利益位階及其考量

The Hierarchy of Competing Interests in livil Law

利益位階是解決民事權益衝突的途徑。確立利益位階的規則，可以包括權利優於利益、公共利益優於個體財產利益、人格利益優於財產利益、生命健康權優於一般人格權等規則。在確定具體利益位階時，如果法有規定，法者應尊重立法者做出的價值選擇。如果法無規定或存在漏洞，則需要裁判者以利益平衡為目的，綜合考量系爭利益與個人生命健康、個人尊嚴、社會其他成員，以及社會經濟秩序等之間的關系，根據”實踐調和”原則行使自由裁量權，對衝突利益的位階進行排序，為解決利益衝突奠定基礎。To rank competin interests in civil laws serves to resolve conflicts of private interests. Inthis paper,the author argues for a number of hierarchies. Namely, private rights, private interests that are enumerated by private laws, so to speak, should be prior to private interests；public interests prior to private interests, interests of personality prior to interests of property; interests of life and health prior to other interests of per-sonality. The judiciary should be loyal to the value judgments made by the legislature whenever they exist. In cases of legislative loopholes, the judiciary ought to balance all competing interests and other relevant ele-ments, e.g.,life and health, human dignity, social economic order. When the judiciary ranks competing private interests by itself, it should follow the principle of proportionality. That is to say, the hierarchy serves to realize the interest claims to their best.