臺日博物館文化景觀之比較——以臺東與沖繩為例

A Comparison of Cultural Landscape of Museums between Taiwan and Japan:A Case of Taitung and Okinawa

筆者認為文化治理政策植基於不同的社會文化脈絡，而不同的文化治理思維，會孕育不同的博物館景像。根據筆者對兩地之長期田野觀察，台東博物館景觀深受台灣族群政治之文化治理脈絡影響，故形成筆者所謂「後山族群縱域」式治理之博物館景觀。而層級分明被筆者稱之為「沖繩階層疊域」式治理之博物館景觀，則係因沖繩受日本階序社會脈絡的影響之故。對兩地所屬的主體社會而言，他們均因「文化差異」而為異文化之地，不過，台灣處理文化差異的政策思維愈來愈朝向族群化方向前進，所以族群區別治理的脈絡愈來愈明。進入21 世紀之後，日本雖然也受世界風潮的影響，原本盛行單一民族論的社會基礎，因2008 年愛努族人獲得「先住民」之民族地位而鬆動。然而，常被拿來與北海道愛努人相提並論，具有明顯歷史文化差異傳統之沖繩，始終自視為日本的「地方社會」，文化差異仍以地方性差異之姿顯現，此種思維與觀念主導了該地的文化治理政策，更進一步反應在其博物館景觀上。在不同的歷史發展脈絡下，筆者發現沖繩縣立博物館美術館於是成為「沖繩階層疊域」中的居中磐石，國立台灣史前文化博物館則成為「後山族群縱域」裡貫連社區、地方、國家與南島世界的擎天大柱。

Landscapes in Taitung Museums is influenced by the cultural governance context of Taiwan’s ethnic politics, and formed what I called “ethnicity in the realm of rift valleys” style landscape. Based on Japan hierarchical social context, Okinawa museums reflect a ‘local museum’ with different layers of divisions. They are the different cultures places because of their culture are different from these two mainstream societies. However, it is much clear in ethic-separate administrative context because the policy thinking of dealing with the culture differences in Taiwan is gradually heading to ethnicization. After entering the twenty-first century, Japan single ethnic nationalism is affected by official recognition of Ainu as an indigenous people in 2008. Compared with Ainu people of Hokkaido, Okinawa always takes itself as “local society” of Japan. Its cultural difference appears in “differences of locality”. This thinking of this place dominates the cultural administrative policies, and reflects on the landscape of museums. In different historical contexts, I claim Okinawa museum is a ‘local museum’ with different layers of divisions, and National Museum of Prehistory is “ethnicity in the realm of rift valleys” which integrates community, local, nation and the Austronesian.