清代閩北商業型與農業型客民的土著化過程

The Indigenization of Business and Farming Immigrants in North Fujian Province during the Qing Dynasty

本文以清代閩北商業型和農業型客民為例，從財富累積、功名取得、公共事務參與等社會地位提升和宗族組織建立，具體比較兩者在土著化過程中的差異性。透過實例可以發現，雖然兩者運用的手段大致相同，但在完成的成效、速度、規模和完整性上，前者皆比後者更有優勢和能力。而造成差異性的前提，即是財富的多寡，因為擁有足夠的經濟條件，才能進一步完善其他事項。在這些手段中，財富是基礎，功名是必備條件，宗族組織起著延續作用，公益則有助於名聲。因此，清代閩北客民雖然一般可以藉由入籍應試而土著化，但若要讓此過程更為順利、快速，並在之後有所發展，就必須先擁有財富、取得功名，行有餘力時，再進行宗族組織的建設，並尋找機會參與公共事務，而此四項的重要性，依次為財富、功名、宗族組織和公共事務。

For the Ming emperors, the faith of Guanyin was what legitimized their authority as being vested by god. Yongle Emperor took the throne by initiating the Jingnan Rebellion. Legitimizing his reign was on his mind constantly. He thus thought of using the popular faith in Guanyin and compiled Sutra of Merit and Virtue – Ming Empress Renxiao's Dream of Buddha. With it, he claimed that his reign was authorized and protected by Guanyin. For Yongle Emperor, Guanyin bestowed the power upon him and was also the protector of his power. When Wanli Emperor reigned, he compiled pseudo-scriptures such as Sutra of Incarnation of the Benevolent Savior Lotus Bodhisattva to back up the claim that his mother was the incarnation of Guanyin that is, Lotus Bodhisattva herself. This act elevated his mother, Empress Cisheng's status and distinguished her from the empress consort, Empress Renxiao. By deifying his mother, he also deified himself as well. He eliminated all uncertainties associated with him for becoming the emperor but not being the child of the empress consort. They also made up Guanyin Scriptures. In order to make people believe that the contents in the scriptures were true, Buddhist doctrines were also incorporated. For example, Sutra of Merit and Virtue – Ming Empress Renxiao's Dream of Buddha includes the teachings of Madhyamaka, Buddha Nature (Buddha-dhatu), Dependent Origination (Pratītyasamutpāda) and Conscious-only (Yogacara). Sutra of Incarnation of the Benevolent Savior Lotus Bodhisattva also teaches the doctrines of the Twelve Nidanas (Twelve Causes) and Entry to the Pure Land. The faith of Guanyin thus flourished. From the emperors of Ming Dynasty, one can see the status changes of the faith of Guanyin.