清人對伊犁將軍常清施政評議

Contemporary Critique on Chang Qing's Policies in the Qing Dynasty

十九世紀初期，俄國勢力進入哈薩克地區，向大清國所屬巴爾喀什湖(Lake Balkash)以東以南地區擴張，隨後將該地區擅自劃入該國版圖，並將其勢力向特穆爾圖淖爾（即現在的伊塞克湖，Lake Issyk-Kul）一帶推進。依據中俄「北京條約」規定，中俄兩國派員勘定西北邊界。俄國是想透過會勘簽訂界約方式，將該國所占領土地事實，要求清廷承認，予以合法化。並定妥割占西北邊境常住卡倫外土地方案，擬在談判時，要求清廷全盤接受。俄國隨即請清廷派出談判代表與之會商，議定兩國西北邊界相關事宜。清廷對於西北勘界一事甚為重視，即派烏里雅蘇台將軍明誼負責與俄國談判；當時的伊犁將軍常清則奉命協助明誼辦理勘界相關事宜。常清在伊犁施政問題，前人及國外學者並無人專論探討，所以本文是對常清個案的研究。依據檔案史料，針對常清與明誼之間不合，無法合作，並導致對俄談判失敗。明誼、武隆額、明緒等諸多官員，糾舉常清行政措施違法缺失之處，最終常清被革職查辦；而伊犁亦因回部動亂，常清無力抵擋，伊犁失陷，最後亦落入俄國手中等問題進行分析與說明。

This paper discusses diseases of soldiers at the north-western frontier in the Han Dynasty. Documents on Han Dynasty wooden slips excavated from Juyan preserved some records describing soldiers' tumefactions and swellings on their arm-chest and thigh-abdomen regions. Comparing these documents and traditional medicine literatures, the records on wooden slips were re-interpreted. My main findings are: (1) Characters of Juyan soldiers' tumefactions and swellings on arm-chest and thigh-abdomen were very similar to scurvy's symptoms. (2) Scurvy was due to vitamin C deficiency, and the soldiers' diet and fruits-vegetables supply revealed that their intake of vitamin C was insufficient. (3) Scurvy could be a more widespread problem because of the difficulties of preservation and discovering about vegetable fiber.