華人組織的家長式領導：一項文化觀點的分析

A Cultural Analysis of Paternalistic Leadership in Chinese Organization

家長式領導是華人家族企業極為普遍的現象，它的特色是在一種人治的色彩下，顯現出嚴明的紀律、父親般的仁慈與權威、及道德的廉潔性。本文透過文獻回顧，找出家長式領導的三類組成要素：威權、仁慈及德行領導，且追溯每一要素的深層文化根源，探索各要素與當代華人企業組織的關聯。最後說明了未來主要的研究議題，並提出一個華人組織之家長式領導的初步模型。

Paternalistic leadership, which combines strong discipline and authority with fatherly benevolence and moral integrity couched in a ‘personalistic’ atmosphere, has been found to be prevalent in overseas Chinese family businesses. After critically reviewing the extant literature, we identify three constituent elements of paternalistic leadership (PL): authoritarianism, benevolence, and moral leadership. Authoritarian leadership refers to leader behaviors that assert absolute authority and control over subordinates and demand unquestionable obedience from subordinates. Benevolent leadership refers to leader behaviors that demonstrate individualized, holistic concerns for subordinates’ personal or family well-being. Moral leadership may be depicted as leader behaviours that demonstrate superior personal virtues or qualities that provide legitimacy as well as arouse identification and respect from subordinates for the leader. We trace the deep cultural roots of PL and find that Confucianism, Legalism, China’s long tradition of imperial rule, rule of man, and norm of reciprocity are key cultural forces that shape PL in Chinese family businesses. We provide preliminary survey data to show how Chinese employees from Hong Kong, the PRC, and Taiwan view authoritarianism and benevolence exhibited by their leaders. We explore the relevance of PL to organizations in contemporary Chinese societies. We then conclude by identifying key research issues and proposing a preliminary PL model for future studies on leadership in Chinese organizations.