強姦犯罪的心理歷程：（1）理論分析

The Sociocultural and Psychodynamic Processes Involved in Rape Behavior: I. Theoretical Analysis

近年來強姦犯罪行為受到社會重視，但國內有關強姦犯罪行為的實徵研究卻不多見，而且迄今並未建立一套系統性的理論。有鑑及此，本文從社會文化、個人心理、情境、與個人行為層次等四個面向，建構一套本土化取向的強姦行為形成之心理歷程的理論。在社會文化層次上，由歷史文獻的回顧、文字詞語的分析，以及相關理論的探討，可知華人社會是以「男性繼嗣」、「男性為尊」的父權體制社會。在父權體制社會的文化背景下，出現社會上大多數是男性強姦女性的現象。在個人心理層次上，強姦者的認知、情緒、動機、經驗、意圖與人格，均對其強姦行為的形成具有影響。一般而言，強姦行為之動機有下列三種：尋求肯定、發洩怨恨、及追求刺激。在情境層次上，強姦者會考慮當時情境的安全性、隱密性、及風險性，而決定是否採取行動。在個人行為層次上，強姦行為的施行取決於個人的強姦意圖、人格特質與當時情境這三項因素，及其間的交互作用。強姦行為再犯率相當高，則與強姦行為的效果，以及強姦者合理化其行為有關；亦即，愈能從強姦行為當中獲得滿足，以及愈對其強姦行為進行合理化者，愈易再犯。整體而言，強姦行為及其心理之形成，是上述四個層次因素結合與交互作用的產物。

The crime of rape has been of great concern to the public in recent years, but there has been little theoretical and empirical analysis of this crime. In this article I construct an indigenously oriented theoretical framework of the psychodynamics of rape from four perspectives: sociocultural, psychological, situational, and behavioral. The sociocultural perspective identifies the Chinese social and cultural factors that facilitate rape behavior. The psychological perspective indicates that the individual’s cognition, emotion, motivation, intention, experience, and personality will all have an influence on the formation of rape. Generally speaking, there are three major kinds of relevant motivation: compensation, retaliation, and sensation-seeking. The situational perspective suggests that offenders take safety, secrecy, and the risk of the situation into account to decide whether action is taken. The behavioral perspective claims that the action of rape is determined by the individual’s intention, personality, and situation, and their interaction. The final formation of a Chinese male’s rape behavior is due to the combination and interaction of factors from all the four perspectives.