民居類型之構造調適力初探－－以蘇門答臘Batak Karo、Batak Toba與Minangkabau之民居為例

A Preliminary Study on the Constructive Adaptability of House Types --The Cases of Batak Karo, Batak Toba and Minangkabau Houses in Sumatra

傳統民居在同樣的現代化衝擊之下，出現不同的興衰面貌，蘇門答臘島山岳地區的三個種族（Batak Karo, Batak Toba, Minangkabau）當中，Batak Toba 與Minangkabau 仍保有相當數量的傳統民居，Batak Karo 的傳統民居數量卻迅速減少中，道理何在？推論民居的興衰起因於其各自不同的類型調適能力，除了社會、經濟、文化等無形因素之外，類型調適能力也來自建築內在的有形因子，部份為空間形制，部份為構造系統。本文嘗試剖析蘇門答臘的三種民居類型的構築行為，藉由重建其構築流程並與空間形制對照，以探討構造調適能力之所在。發現構造層級、構造迴路、與因空間形制引發的構件尺寸限制是主導民居類型構造調適能力的三個重要因子。

Traditional houses have their separate vicissitudes under the same impact of modern society. Among three ethnic groups on the highlands of Sumatra, Batak Toba and Minangkabau still keep amounts of traditional houses, yet Batak Karo’s traditional houses are decreasing rapidly. It is hypothesized that different vicissitudes of house types might attribute to their typological adaptabilities. The causes of the adaptability are not only from the social, economic, and cultural contexts, but also the architecture, part of which was the spatial form, part of which was the construction language. This study attempts to analyze the construction acts of these three house types in order to find their embedded adaptabilities through reconstructing their building process with referring to their spatial form. Construction hierarchy, construction loop, and size limit of construction member, caused by spatial form, are finally concluded to be the three factors that dominated the typological adaptabilities of house construction.