半跏思惟像與彌勒信仰－－日本半跏思惟像溯源

The Contemplating Figure and the Maitreya Faiththe Origin of the Contemplating Figure in Japan

本文以日本廣隆寺彌勒菩薩半跏像（寶冠彌勒）為切入點，就其造像風格與尊格的淵源問題展開討論。通過與中國河北定州地區東魏至北齊白石造像進行細緻的風格比較，筆者認為寶冠彌勒的造像風格在糅進隋代以後出現的自然主義傾向的同時，保留了河北白石造像中東魏至北齊的造型要素。關於其尊格淵源問題的討論，將重點放在對河北定州地區出土的半跏思惟像發願文內容與「龍樹」一詞的語義與圖像含義的考察上。在這一部分得出的結論為：1、半跏思惟像、觀音造像與彌勒造像的發願文內容有相互重疊的部分，也有各自一定的傾向性，半跏思惟像的造像契機與目的和彌勒造像更為接近。2、關於「龍樹」的語義與圖像。（1）在佛經中，「龍樹」作為一種聖樹的名稱最早出現於北魏，具體所指不甚明確；在八世紀初《大毘盧遮那成佛經疏》等經典中的「龍樹」一詞與「龍華樹」表達同一個概念。（2）半跏思惟像中的「龍樹」圖像也很可能是「枝如寶龍吐百寶華」的圖像再現。由此，筆者認為在討論具有「龍樹」圖像的半跏思惟像尊格時不能排除彌勒。這種半跏思惟形態的彌勒可能代表已經出家的彌勒太子，暗示著彌勒菩薩成佛的瞬間。而其半跏思惟的姿態可能來自對悉達多太子思惟像的隨意挪用，目前看來其最初的挪用地也許就在定州地區。　　綜合以上從風格、文獻、圖像三方面的討論結果，本文得出的階段性結論為：寶冠彌勒及其影響下的日本一部分半跏思惟像，在造像風格與尊格兩方面均與河北定州地區的白石造像有著密切的關係。

This paper started from the contemplating figure of Bodhisattva Maitreya of Kōryūji (Hōkan Miroku) in Japan, and discussed the origination of its statuary style and statuses. Through a detailed comparison with the style of the Baishi (White Stone) Statue from the Eastern Wei to Northern Qi in Dingzhou area, Hebei Province, China, the author believes the Hōkan Miroku maintained the essential modeling factor of the Baishi Statue from the Eastern Wei to Northern Qi Period, while integrating the naturalist tendencies occurred after the Sui Period. As for the discussion on the origination of its statuses, this paper mainly focused on the content of the vowing article of the contemplating figure unearthed from Dingzhou area, Hebei Province and the meaning of 'Dragon Tree'image. The conclusions reached here include: 1. There are overlapping parts and individual tendencies among the vowing articles of the contemplating figure、 Bodhisattva statue and Maitreya statue. 2. The 'Dragon Tree'contained in the contemplating figure is highly possible to be the description of Nāgapuspa in the Maitreyavyakarana interpreted by Kumarajira, that is, the recurrence image of 'the precious flowers are blossoming from the branches as the precious dragon（枝如寶龍吐百寶華）'. Based on the two conclusions above, the author believes that the possibility of the existence of Maitreya in the contemplating figure contained 'Dragon Tree'image can't be rejected. The image of Contemplating figure highly possibly originates from the casual appropriation of Pensive Prince Siddhartha to represent the Prince Maitreya who has become a monk, and the first place of the appropriation may be in Dingzhou area. To summarize the outcome of the discussion of the style, documents and images, this paper reached the preliminary conclusion that Hōkan Miroku and under its influence some contemplating figure in Japan, have close relationship with the Baishi (White Stone)Statue from Hebei in statuary style and statuses.