漢代地方軍的組成再探

Re-exploring the Composition of Local Militaries in the Han Dynasty

傳統論述皆以為漢代地方軍專指材官、騎士等，本文試圖以大庭脩等人所提之專門士兵說為基礎，從兵役分流的角度，重新檢討地方軍的組成。
戰國已有選拔精銳士兵的作法，漢代材官、騎士等即是承此傳統而來，或可稱之作專門士兵。從專門士兵的選拔條件、各種專業軍事技能訓練，以及相關配套制度等，可看出其優越性和專業性。相對於此，不符合徵選條件之丁男便成為一般兵卒，專業技能較弱，多用於郡縣官署、設施和公共空間等的日常治安警備當中，故亦可稱之為警備吏卒，他們也有臨時勞務，此可見一般兵卒的兵役、吏役、勞役三重屬性。
從課役屬性來說，一般兵卒屬於一般兵徭，專門士兵屬於專門兵役，由此可重新理解兵徭體系構造。這種基於專業軍事技能的有無、多寡或優劣來區別課役屬性，一方面可以反映於漢代對「士」、「卒」概念的使用上，另一方面，也反映於專門士兵和一般兵卒在任免遷轉、法律訴訟和課試性質等面向所呈現的身分差異。

Many scholars think that local militaries in the Han Dynasty are just composed of Crossbowman (Caiguan) or Cavalryman (Qishi). However, we can still explore this problem with the differentiation between two military service systems based on the concept of specialized soldiers proposed by Osamu Oba, Takeyuki Takamura etc. The way that elite soldiers were selected during the Warring States period could be the origin of Crossbowman and Cavalryman in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, they can be called specialized soldiers. Specialized soldiers’ superiority and professionalism can be confirmed from the selection criteria, various kinds of training of military skills and some relevant supporting institutions. On the other hand, conscripts who fail to meet the selection criteria will be general soldiers. Due to their non-professional feature, general soldiers are always assigned to ordinary security guarding services of public sites such as local government offices, public facilities etc. They are called official security guards. Additionally, they are also engaged in temporary labor tasks. Consequently, general soldiers have three properties which are military, official and labor services respectively. As far as serving features, general and specialized soldiers can be separately classified as general labor-military service and specialized military service, so that the structure of the serving systems can be reinterpreted. The differentiation of the serving feature based on the professional military skills can be demonstrated not only on the usage situation on two words “Shi (士)” and “Zu (卒)”, but also on the identity differences between general and specialized soldiers from some institutions, such as appointment and removal of personnel, litigation proceedings ,and property of examination. To sum up, local militaries in the Han Dynasty are composed of specialized and general soldiers who can be distinguished by professional military skills. In fact, the differentiation between two military service systems can be further considered as one part of universal service differentiation of officials. The phenomena that people serve for officials according to their skills or abilities may be another great issue of the serving institution.