美國徵收補償的公平市場價值標準及對我國的啟示

The Fair Market Value Standard in the Compensation of Eminent Domain in the United States and Implications for China

美國財產徵收中的公正補償具體體現為公平市場價值標準。被徵收財產的公平市場價值是一種虛擬狀態下的市場交易價格，需要通過各種評估技術手段予以確定，並以財產的最高最優使用為基礎。依據公平市場價值標準確定的補償是不完全賠償也是非個性化賠償，經過美國一個多世紀的司法實踐卻被證明是最為經濟有效的補償標準。我國徵收補償制度的改革應當借鑒美國公平市場價值標準的經驗，剝離附著於徵收補償的社會保障功能，建立以被徵收財產價值為核心的補償制度，確立公平市場價值標準和最高最優使用規則。

The just compensation of eminent domain in the United States is measured by the Fair Market Value (FMV) standard. The FMV of the property taken is a fictitious market transaction price, which should be calculated through a variety of assessment techniques, and based on the highest and best use of the property taken. Although FMV standard is characterized by incomplete and non-personalized compensation, it has been proven to be the most economic and effective compensation standard in eminent domain by American judicial practice. Thus, it is suggested that China should detach the social security function, which is always attached to, from the compensation in eminent domain, base the compensation on the value of the property taken, and then set up the FMV standard and the highest and best use rule.