臺北都會區中年職業婦女之發展任務及其相關因素之研究

A Research on the Developmental Tasks and Other Relative Factors of Middle-aged Career Women in Taipei Metropolitan Area

有鑑於個體在整個生命發展歷程中的各個階段都有不同的發展任務，成功的完成該階段的發展任務可以促成生活的快樂與圓滿。且成人教育的工作者一再提及婦女繼續教育課程或活動的規劃與實施應以滿足其發展任務需求為依歸，婦女發展任務的研究實為婦女成人教育課程及活動設計的基礎。是以本研究主要的目的乃在於暸解臺北都會地區中年（35至55歲）職業婦女的發展任務及其相關因素，以供相關部門作為改進或實施成人教育之參考。經由成人發展理論、婦女生命週期和中年期成人發展任務等相關文獻的探討，研究者自行編製了「臺北都會區中年職業婦女發展任務調查問卷」，並利用該問卷實際對575位臺北都會區35至55歲的職業婦女進行問卷調查，再以因素分析、平均數及單因子變異數分析等統計方法做資料整理和分析，得到以下的結論：一、臺北都會區中年職業婦女的整體發展任務趨向可區分為「事業發展與規劃」、「人際關係」、「投資置產及理財」、「休閒娛樂及自我發展」和^婚姻、子女及家庭生活」等五個層面。此外，年齡為44歲以上、已婚且育有子女、高職業水準或中收入水準之職業婦女則另有發展「社區參與及社會責任」層面的趨向。二、不同背景中年職業婦女對個別發展任務所認知的重要程度隨個人年齡、教育程度、子女狀況、職業水準、家庭收入狀況之不同有所差異，但不隨婚姻狀況、配偶工作狀況和居住狀況之不同而有所差異。三、臺北都會區的中年職業婦女普遍均最重視「婚姻、子女及家庭生活」方面之發展任務，尤其以屆「中年危機期」的婦女對這方面發展重視的程度最高。而中年初期者也較晚期者重視此一發展任務。四、臺北都會區中年職業婦女年齡越長；學歷、個人職業等級或家庭收入越高者越重視「事業發展與規劃」方面之發展任務。且以教育水準為專科或大學程度、育有一至三個小孩、高或中職業水準者較學歷在高中（職）程度以下、育有四個以上小孩或低職業水準者更為重視這方面的發展。五、未婚者或已婚但配偶已經退休、無業、兼職工作者較重視「人際關係」層面的發展。且教育程度越低者越重視這方面的發展。六、教育程度越高、家庭中小孩數目越多或家庭收入越少者，越重視「投資、置產及理財」方面發展任務之發展。其中，教育程度為專科或大學、高收入水準者較學歷在高中（職）以下、低收入水準者更為肯定此項發展任務的發展。七、在「休閒娛樂及個人發展」層面的發展上，隨著年齡增加、職業水準或家庭收入水準增高而越形重要。未婚者，小孩數目越少者越關心這個層面的發展。且以年齡在48至55歲、中或高職業水準、高收入水準者較年齡在35至43歲、低職業水準、低收入水準者更重視此項發展任務。八、臺北都會區中年職業婦女年齡較大者較重視「社區參與及社會責任」方面之發展任務。依據研究發現及結論，研究者提出兩點建議，以供政府、企業、婦女繼續教育相關部門等機構作為參考，以推動婦女繼續教育之施行並協助中年婦女圓滿達成此階段的發展任務。一、職業婦女繼續教育方面，應設計並提供各種以發展任務的內容為基礎的課程或活動，針對不同背景中年婦女的不同需求，吸引其參與成人教育活動，以幫助其完成發展任務。二、在相關福利措施的配合方面，政府、企業等有關部門宜提供更多對中年婦女兼顧事業及家庭、奠定經濟基礎等任務的支援和協助，以幫助中年職業婦女解除後顧之憂，順利的完成此階段的發展任務並促進其晚年期的發展。

The purpose of this study was to determine the developmental tasks and other relative factors of middle-aged(35-55 years old) career women in Taipei metropolitan area. One questionaire was developed and a sample of 575 middle-aged career women were investigated. By statistical analyses of means, Oneway ANOVA, test,factor analysis and Scheff's method, the findings were: 1.The trend of middle-aged cateer women's developmental tasks in Taipei metropolitan area could be devided into 5 dimensions: "career development and planning","social relationship","investment and financial management", " entertainment and self-fulfillment" and "marriage,children, and family life". Besides, middle-income-level married women who were over 44 and had kids had the trend to develop "community participation and social responsibility". 2. Due to the difference of age,education, children, profession status,and family income, the middle-aged career women had different perceptions of developmental tasks. 3. The development of "marriage, children and family life" was regareded as the most important developmentai task of middle-aged career women, especially those who were near to" middle-aged crises" and late middle. 4. Those who were elder, have higher education, higher profession status, or higher income put more emphasis on the development of "career development and planning". 5. Middle-aged married women whose couples were retired, unhired，or part- time workers seemed to put more emphasis on the development of "social relationship". 6. Those who had received a higher educatioon, had more children,or had lower income put more emphasis on the development of "investment and financial management". 7. The development of "entertainment and self-fulfillment" seemed more important to those who were older or had a higher level of profession or income. 8.The late-middle-aged career women in Taipei metropolitan area regarded "community participation and social responsibility" as an important developmental tasks.