婦女教育權益之檢視與展望

Sex Equity in Education-- An Examination of Present Situation and Perspectives in Taiwan

本文主要採文獻分析與比較研究法，以統計資料針對婦女的勞動參與率與教育程度、教育機會均等，特別是各級學校入學機會，以及教育專業等論題加以探究，來檢視國內婦女的教育權益。結果有下列的主要發現：(1)婦女的勞動參與率與其所接受的教育程度有密切相關。其中尤以四十歲以上婦女的勞動參與率呈現偏低現象；(2)中小學階段的教育機會，早就沒有性別差異，甚至女性教育機會還比男性多；(3)高級中等教育階段，半數以上的女生就讀於技職高中，只有不到五分之一女生就讀一般高中，這種分配與經濟合作發展組織(OECD)國家的情形頗為相異；(4)高等教育階段有性別差異，女生就讀大學院校的人數不如男生，尤其是研究所階段，差別更大，甚至延伸到出國留學。惟從高等教育各類型學程畢業人數看，每年畢業的女性總人數，卻相當可觀，尤其是就讀大專院校夜間部的人數，女生比男生多二陪以上；(5)大專院校中，女生總數雖少於男生，但在部分院系中，如教育學類、商業及管理學類、大眾傳播類、藝術學類、人文學類，卻成為女生的天下。以教育學類為例，女生居多數的現象，也反映到從事教育專業的性別分配上。惟發現教師資格等級愈高者，女生教師的比例也呈現愈少的現象，此種現象也呈現在女生教師兼任教育行政職位上，甚至美國也不例外。針對上述問題，本文提出下列五項建議：(1)掃除文盲，提供多元化繼續教育機會；(2)調整國中畢業生就讀高中、高職比例；(3)擴大大專院校推廣服務的任務；(4)提供兩性教育課桯；(5)仿效美國制定「婦女教育公平法案」(Women's Educational Equity Act)，以落實婦女教育權益的保障，進一步改善婦女在教育上的不利現象。

This paper was conducted by literature review and comparative method with statistical data to explore some topics on women from the perspectives of labour force participation and educational level, educational equality, educational professions and attairiing positions. The results were: (1) The Participation in labour markets is relative to education, it reveals lower education and lower labour force participation, particularly, in ages above forty; (2) There are no sex differences in the opportunities of elementary and secondary educational levels. Furthermore, it happens that females enroll more than males; (3) More than half of all females go to vocational high school although less than one fifth of all females are in general senior high school. This ratio in senior high school is contrary to those of OECD countries; (4) There are sex differences in the enrollment of higher education, ont only in undergraduate, but also in graduate school. In other words, the number of females is less than males. However, two times as many females than males graduate from different educational systems of higher educational institutes, including day and evening sessions of junior colleges, colleges and universities; (5) More females than males are enrolled in the department of education, business administration, mass communication and documentations, fine and applied arts, as well as in humanities at colleges and universities. The phenomenon makes jobs different. Take education for example: although it reflects more females in the profession of education, it reveals inequities at all levels of teaching and positions held by women educators. With above sex inequities, some suggestions are mentioned as follows: (1) To eradicate iliteracy, more measures and provisions of supplementary and continuing education have to be put into practice right away; (2) To adjust the ratio of enrollment in general senior high school and vocational high school; (3) To expand the mission of extension services in higher educational institutes; (4) To provide courses in gender education; (5) To promote the enactment of "Women's Education Equity Act".