敘利亞內戰問題之啟示：一個失敗國家的形成與外溢危機

Reflection on Syrian Civil War: The Formation of One Failed State and the Spillover Crisis

2011年3月爆發的敘利亞武裝衝突，初始僅為民眾對阿塞德政權不滿的街頭示威，後來逐漸演變為動搖國本的內戰，除政府軍與叛軍間的對抗，不同武裝團體間的衝突情勢亦日愈升高。阿塞德政府已無法控制叛軍佔據的北部地區，而國內各處燒殺擄劫頻傳，甚者，全國數百萬人口流離失所，面臨用水糧食短缺等人道危機。而2013年8月阿塞德政府使用化學武器，更使國際震驚。敘利亞內戰已經突顯政府治理及國家安全的雙重危機。敘利亞已經變成失敗國家了？何謂失敗國家？致使一國成為失敗國家之關鍵因素為何？失敗國家對於區域及國際安全影響所及為何？為本文主要探索的課題。本文將首先將界定失敗國家的定義，及歸納相關成因及影響所及，旨從失敗國家問題的研究架構，加以觀察研究敘利亞因內戰所致國家失敗程度及衍生外部危機衝擊。

The outbreak of the Syrian Civil War originated from Syrians peacefully protesting against the Assad government in March 2011, and incrementally escalating into massive conflicts nationwide. The resulting confrontations between the government and rebel groups have shaken the country's order and security. The struggle has resulted in a tug of war for certain regions, with continued violence coming from direct fighting, or as a consequence of a society devoid of order. These circumstances have led to millions of Syrians flooding neighboring countries as refugees and in urgent need of humanitarian relief. The use of chemical weapons by the Assad regime frightened the international community and finally mobilized the West and the United Nations to action. The Syrian civil war has addressed the crisis of public governance as well as national and international security in view of one failed state. It is up for debate if Syria is now a failed state, and if so, what should a 'failed state' be called? Examination will be given to the vital factors in making failed states and the impact on regional and international security. These are some of the consideration discussed in this article, starting with the definition of 'failed state,' and then exploring the factors and external crisis under the analytic framework of failed state studies.