探討終身學習護照與通識教育－－以明人張岱為例

The Discussion of Whole Person Development and General Education: A Case Study of the Ming-Qing Artist Zhang-Dai

拙文不揣鄙陋，嘗試以明清藝術人張岱為例，探討其多元藝術成就所建構的終身學習護照，如何做為現今藝術通識教育之典範，進而模擬一套藝術通識教育的學習地圖。一方面提供藝術人與通識教師角色轉換與學習的參考手冊；另一方面提供藝術與跨域學習的簡易指標。張岱（1597－1680）是明末清初文學家、散文家、史學家，其《琅嬛文集》與《陶庵夢憶》、《西湖夢尋》、《夜航船》、《白洋潮》並為絕代文學名著。出身朝廷官員仕宦家庭，早年過著衣食無虞的生活，喜歡遊覽山水，深諳園林佈置之法；既懂音樂，又諳彈琴製曲；善品茗，茶道功夫相當深厚；喜歡收藏，藝術鑒賞造詣高妙；更精通戲曲，編導、評論都要求盡善盡美。前人說：「吾越有明一代，才人稱徐文長、張陶庵；徐以奇警勝，先生以雄渾勝。」明崇禎抗清進士李長祥以為「當今史學，無逾陶庵」。張岱與畫家好友徐文長並列明代藝術雙璧，他個人藝文兼修，可以說是明代版的莎士比亞；民間版的李後主；落拓版的蘇東坡。在古典藝術集大成的明清兩代，堪稱藝術與跨域、終身學習護照等－通識教育，最佳典範。拙文回溯張岱一生如何結合多元藝術，並能融入生活與生命情操；其藝文專長如何能轉化成為現今通識教育師、生學習的教材，以及教案設計與實踐。

This paper attempts to explore Zhang Dai, the celebrated scholar of Ming and Qing dynasties, in terms of his diverse artistic achievements and the construction of whole-person development. It adopts his life as a model of how to teach art for today's general education and also simulate learning map of arts in general education. The result can provide general artists and art teachers’ inspirations for role transformation and can also be used as a learning reference. It also provides guidance for learning across domains.
Zhang Dai (1597–1680) was a Ming Dynasty literary figure. He was a gentleman essayist, literature writers, historians, and he wrote many literary classics. Zhang Dai is known as the greatest essay writer in the Ming dynasty. He was a prolific writer with more than thirty books covering literature and history; however, only a few of Zang's works remain extant today. Zhang Dai's most famous books are: Tao An MengYi & Xi Hu Meng Xun (Search The West Lake in Dreams). His family's wealth allowed him to develop his aesthetic tastes in such pursuits .Being a historian of the Ming Dynasty and a biographer of notable figures, he wrote his own obituary, which reads: 'He was an unconventional scholar, loved luxury, liked to live in a luxurious house,…wearing expensive new clothes, liked perfect food, riding a steed, luxury lantern, brilliant fireworks, drama, liked winding instruments, liked antique, he loved flowers and birds. He also liked tea ceremony and changeable banter. 'In his later life, he became a private scholar and aesthete. He liked to travel, familiar landscape layout, Chinese lantern design, the sponsorship of dramatic troupes, appreciation of tea, and garden and landscape aesthetics. His writing conveys the sensuality and subtlety of these pursuits. Even when all his property was gone and he lived as a tenant in the ruins of one of his beloved gardens. It was here he completed his history of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, he is more proficient in opera, screenwriting, directing, comments etc.
Zhang Dai lives between in the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty. It is said that 'the Ming dynasty--Hsu Wen-Chang & Zhang Tao An was talented artists, Hsu Wen-Chang was winning in the smart, most prominent and peculiar. Zhang Tao An was winning in the majestic aspect. 'The scholars Li Hang-Xiang who resistance the Qing dynasty Imperial said' today, on the field in terms of history, no one more than Tao-An '. Zhang Dai and contemporary painters Xu Wen-Chang became the most outstanding artists in Ming dynasty. His artistic and literary both were excellently. He seemed the edition of Shakespeare in the Ming dynasty, the civil version of Li Houzhu, the grinding version of Su Dongpo. In the Ming and Qing dynasties are the most successful generation of classical art, they are the best example of the Lifelong Learning, art and general education. It is quit huge and important issue to handle, for example like how to combine a number of interdisciplinary art, integrate the spirit of Zhang Dai's life and how to transform his art expertise into today's teachers and learning materials for students of general education.