美國發展權移轉銀行之案例研究

A Study of the Successful Cases of the Transfer of Development Rights Bank in the United States

我國公共設施保留地之劃設面積至為驚人，但日益窘迫的政府財政，卻難以負擔徵收費用，此對被劃設為保留地之所有權人而言，至為不公，甚且有違憲之嫌；因此政府遂在一九九○年開始引進美國發展權移轉制度，希望能透過容積移轉買賣方式，給所有權人適當的補償及救濟；自二○○○年開始，各地方政府在相關法律次第公布後，亦陸續進行容積移轉業務，但迄今為止，收效甚微，是以政府內部遂有設立容積移轉銀行之議，本文乃就美國各州所施行之發展權移轉方案中，擷取成功的案例中設有發展權銀行介入之案例，介紹其運作機制並分析其利弊得失，以冀有司日後欲設立容積移轉銀行時，作為攻錯之石。

In Taiwan， the amount of land reserved for the public infrastructure is so huge that the government can’t afford the expenditure of compulsory collection. This intrudes， seriously， the land owners’ constitutional property right. And this situation has existed for a long time. Meanwhile， many authors and professionals have suggested adopting the policy of transferable development rights in the United States， the government responded to these requests and set up Regulations of Urban Building Capacity Transfer in 1990. Following this central policy， the local governments have tried their best to execute the regime of building capacity transfer with hope of getting away from the aforesaid financial dilemma. Twenty years passed away， but the government still entrapped into the same nightmare. The fact shows that the exiting regime worked not very well. Many local governments started to consider setting up the TDR bank to improve this embracement. Based on the early lessons， the best policy is to review the practice and experience of TDR in the United States. In this article， I will review the US’s experience of TDR， and find the role what the TDR banks play in the cases. Finally， I will analyze the elements that result in TDR banks’ success.