貿易取向的國際化發展對高等教育的影響：以澳洲為例

The Impact of Trade-driven Internationalization on Higher Education: Taking Australia as an Example

隨著全球化與科技的發展，跨國高等教育的擴張，高等教育國際化漸從政治或文化交流合作的目的，轉向強調教育服務出口及經濟利益的追求，而這種貿易取向的國際化發展對於高等教育的影響為何，實值得加以關注。而在這些積極鼓吹教育服務出口的國家當中，澳洲是個值得觀察的例子。依據OECD的分類，澳洲是被定位在增加收入取向，屬於強的經濟動機、且屬輸出策略者；為了瞭解貿易取向的國際化發展對高等教育的影響，本文將以澳洲為例，但考慮在文獻中已有不少學者批判該等的國際化發展對於大學學術自由的戕害，本文將不從學術人員憂心澳洲大學發展的面向切入，但從澳洲政府及高等教育機構在拓展國際教育的積極作為，瞭解澳洲如何地將國際化議題連結至整個高等教育系統的變革。透過澳洲的例子提出本文主要論點，即是貿易取向的國際化發展已使國際化成為高等教育機構管理的核心議題之一，這理應算是貿易取向的國際化發展對高等教育不應低估的影響，並使高等教育國際化不再是高等教育機構經營與管理的邊緣議題或只是大學使命陳述中的一個修辭。本文目的，即是提供較平衡的面向瞭解貿易取向的國際化發展對高等教育的影響。

With the globalization and the technology advance, the expansion of transnational higher education has gradually transformed the nature of the internationalization of higher education (HE), from the purposes of political attempt and cultural understanding to the pursuit of economic benefits and seeing education as industry. What impact of such kind of development on HE deserves certain attention. Among the aggressive countries that export their education services, Australia should be recognized as a critical case for study. According to the OECD, Australia is recognized as a case whose internationalization of higher education has strong economic motivation, and adopts export-driven strategy. However, the critique of the academics on the trade-driven internationalization that threatens the academic freedom is not the main concern of the paper. The alternative view on trade-driven internationalization, that is, the analysis of the positive doings of the Australian government and higher education institutions, is provided in order to understand how internationalization of higher education is linked to the core issues of the organizational change in higher education. The main argument of the paper is that trade-driven internationalization has positive impact on higher education, that is, pushing the internationalization of higher education to become one of the core issues of the management of higher education institutions, no longer as the marginal issue, nor a rhetoric in the university mission statement. The paper aims to provide a balanced view on the impact of trade-driven internationalization on higher education.