論尼采對十九世紀達爾文主義的批判性接受

On Nietzsche's Critical Reception of the Nineteenth-Century Darwinism

尼采與達爾文主義的關聯已有廣泛的研究，本文認為比起尼采是否是達爾文主義者，更重要的是考察尼采如何在對達爾文主義的汲取與批判中形成自己的思想。一方面，尼采借用達爾文主義反對傳統形上學與目的論，並從自然演化歷史的角度探討人的起源；另一方面，尼采反對達爾文主義所主張的「適者生存」與對外在環境的過度強調，而主張生命內在的力量對生物發展的決定性影響。在方法上，本文將特別考察尼采的出版作品、遺稿與其閱讀書籍之間的關聯，以揭示尼采思想的來源與變化，從而使得我們在尼采自身的思考脈絡中對其思想做出更準確的詮釋。

The relationship between Nietzsche and Darwinism has already been broadly studied. This thesis maintains that compared to the question whether Nietzsche is a Darwinist or an Anti-Darwinist, it is more important to investigate how Nietzsche develops his thinking from his absorption and criticism of Darwinism. On the one hand, under the influence of Darwinism, Nietzsche criticizes the conventional metaphysics and teleology, and considers the origin of human being from a perspective of natural evolutionary history; on the other hand, Nietzsche opposes Darwin's ''survival of the fittest'', the overemphasis of the outer environment, and contends that the inner power of life plays a deciding role in the evolutionary process of the organisms. Methodologically, this thesis will specifically inspect the relationship between Nietzsche's published works, posthumous fragments and his readings in order to reveal the sources and changes of his thinking, thus allowing us to make a more accurate interpretation of Nietzsche's thought within his own philosophical context.