什麼才算是多元文化教育?以Maxine Greene的教育觀點檢視

What is on Earth “Multicultural Education”? From Maxine Greene’s Point of View

本文以Maxine Greene（1917-）的觀點，對多元文化這「異口同聲」的口號（slogan）進行批判性的哲學思考，主要目的在於對多元文化的深度理解並尋求實踐於教育場域中的多樣可能性。多元文化正是由生活在當下的人因者某些相似或相異時空脈絡，在此時此刻共同參與並創造的進程，因此不能由單一面向來詮釋，Greene 的論述讓研究者注意到在瞬息萬變的文化潮流與價值觀之中，似乎找不到一個標準答案能夠符應多元面向之事實。Greene 主張教育之目的就是在開創任何可能，教師必須能超越固著的觀念或認知看清楚現象本質，才能真正具備能力引發學生思考自我存在的價值與意義，她認為透過文學與藝術使想像力得以釋放，進而能搭建內在自我意識與外在生活世界的交流，產生轉化學習的可能並創造人我和諧的新社群。文化在今日衝突不斷潮流之中激盪出多樣的新觀點，且成為人人終將各得其所的代用烏托邦，教師不能再以某種刻板標準或僵固典範去框架文化的意義與價值，而教育在這樣的歷史脈絡下，也必須找到一個更適切的價值根基以能批判地看待多元面向之事實。本文藉由分析、詮釋、批判與現象學的方法，主要探討三個部分，首先探究「文化」的意義，進而檢視「多元文化主義」相關論述，最後理解其引申出相關「多元文化教育」論見。

When multiculturalism has become the substitute Utopia for various people’s final destination， teachers are confronting with theunprecedented challenge－the multiplicity of culture and values. For that reason， being an educator， he/she cannot but get acquainted him/herself thoroughly with every aspect of multicultural education. By using analysis of interpretation， criticism， phenomenalism， three partsin this paper are explored. First， the meanings and the characteristics of culture are discussed. Then the relative reviews aboutmulticulturalism are studied， and the issues about multicultural education are illustrated at the last session.Maxine Greene’s perspectives are seized to examine all the “taken-for-granted”slogans. The main purpose of this paper is to make a deep understanding about multicultural education and try to seek the diverse possibilities in the field of education. Multiple cultures are created at this present moment in the process of interaction among people with dissimilar contexts; therefore， it can never be enoughto interpret human nature with only single dimension. Studying Greene’s thoughts makes the writer recognize that there is definitely not a standard canon to meet the diverse realities with different facets.Greene insists that the purpose of education is to open the doors， to create any possibilities for students. Through literature and arts， imaginations can be released to develop the transactions between the inter consciousness and the outer living world.Accordingly， teachers have to transcend the given concepts and cognitions to move beyond where they are and see things with different views; so that teachers could havethe ability to induce the students to know the value of the self-existence and find the real meanings to their lives.