鄂蘭人權視域下的政治創傷與照顧——以二二八平安運動為例

Political Trauma and Care in Arendt’s Perspective on Human Rights: A Case Study of the 228 Peace Movement

鄂蘭（Hannah Arendt）在1951年出版的《極權主義的起源》（The Origins of Totalitarianism）中主張，人權是指「擁有權利的權利」（right to have rights），喪失人權首先意味著失去擁有家園的權利——即人們出生和確立自身獨特地存在於世界的權利。因此，根本地剝奪人權，首先是指完全剝奪人存在於這世界的位置—「一個能夠言說意義、行動啟新的位置」。人並非生而平等，而是憑藉承諾彼此保障平等的權利，進而成為群體的一員而獲得平等。在鄂蘭的人權論述下，「擁有權利的權利」不是透過神聖或自然的脈絡，也並非奠基在抽象的人的概念，而是來自社群成員的彼此承諾，以言說和行動進入這個世界，在世界中確立自己的獨特性。本研究以「鄂蘭人權視域下的政治創傷與照顧」為題，以鄂蘭的人權論述為理論的進路，聚焦於「二二八平安運動」如何致力於照顧二二八事件所帶來的政治創傷，揭示該運動的核心雖以受難者為主體，卻不將重點放在加害者和被害者，而是透過照顧的行為，使受傷的社群得到照顧，在協同行動（act in concert）中，形成共同體意識，終而讓社群的每個成員都能在這個世界上有一個家，實現自己的個別性。換言之，和解不是加害者和被害者的和解，而是居住在這塊土地上的人們之間的復和；藉由協同行動，實現共同體成員的人格，唯有如此，才能形成真正的共同體，也才能逐步建構家園，讓人權的理念得以具體地實現。

Hannah Arendt’s work The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) presents a profound perspective on human rights. In the work, she argues that human rights are not merely inherent but also represent the “right to have rights.” This concept goes beyond natural rights or abstract notions of humanity. Instead, it stems from mutual recognition within a community, allowing individuals to insert themselves into the world through their words and actions. Arendt emphasizes that to deny human rights is to deny people of a place where they can speak, act, and begin anew. It signifies the deprivation of a homeland— a space for individual uniqueness and distinctness. Accordingly, the present discourse argues that equality arises not from birth but from the promise of rights among equals. This study examines Taiwan’s 228 Peace Movement. Instead of focusing solely on victims, the movement extends its care to include injured communities, such as perpetrators and citizens. It aims to foster a sense of togetherness and provide each community member with a home where they can embrace their individuality. That is, reconciliation involves not only the perpetrator and the victim but rather all citizens who inhabit the land. Only through this process can a genuine community emerge to gradually form a homeland where the concept of human rights is a tangible reality.