法益侵害性的確定與構成要件的保護範圍

任何國家刑法的任務都重在保護其本國法益;行為只有侵害從我國憲法中引申出來且為刑法所保護的重大生活利益時，才能成立犯罪。單純侵害外國市場經濟秩序、社會管理秩序等社會法益的行為，如果不會發生危及我國法益的任何危險的，通常就在我國刑法構成要件的保護範圍之外。從這一邏輯出發，在我國境內加工、生產五金配件銷售到境外，即便該配件可能被國外用於製造槍支，只要該生產、銷售行為不可能對我國的社會管理秩序產生危險的，就不應當成立非法製造、買賣槍支罪。此外，對於在國內為國（境）外賭博網站提供不可能被國內公眾使用的軟件，以及在國（境）外並不針對我國公民開展的開設賭場等行為，如果其法益侵害結果實際或者預計在國（境）外發生的，均難以根據我國刑法的規定認定其構成犯罪。基於此，司法實務應當充分關注我國刑法構成要件的保護範圍，並結合憲法精神對動用刑罰時是否實際存在被我國刑法所保護的法益進行妥當解釋，以實現刑法謙抑性。

The primary task of any national criminal law is to protect its own legal interests. Legal interests, as important living interests derived from the Constitution, are those protected by Chinese criminal law. Emphasizing the constitutional relevance of the concept of legal interests entails that an act should only constitute a crime if it infringes upon significant living interests that originate from the Constitution and are safeguarded by Chinese criminal law. Acts that merely infringe upon foreign social legal interests—such as foreign market economic order or social administrative order—without posing any risk to Chinese legal interests, are generally not subject to Chinese criminal regulation. Even if part of the conduct occurs within Chinese territory, it does not fall within the scope of“criminal conduct”as defined in Article 6(3) of the Chinese Criminal Law, and thus lies outside the protective scope of Chinese criminal law's constitutive elements. For instance, processing or manufacturing hardware components in China for export, even if such components may potentially be used abroad to manufacture firearms, should not constitute the crime of illegal manufacturing or trafficking of firearms—so long as the production or sale poses no threat or risk to China's social administrative order. From the perspective of determining the infringement of legal interests and interpreting the spatial effect of criminal law teleologically, Chinese criminal law's territorial jurisdiction is difficult to apply to acts such as providing software within China for overseas gambling websites that are inaccessible to the domestic public, or operating gambling activities abroad that do not target Chinese citizens. If the harmful result of such acts occurs or is intended to occur outside China, and the infringement pertains solely to foreign social legal interests without affecting personal or property rights, then Chinese criminal law's territorial jurisdiction should not apply. In criminal judicial practice, when dealing with cases where the harmful results occur abroad, close attention should be paid to the protective scope of Chinese criminal law's constitutive elements. A cautious teleological interpretation of protected legal interests, guided by constitutional principles, is essential to effectively reduce disputes over conviction and to uphold the principle of modesty in criminal law.