羅馬法的質權與「浮動資產擔保」──以Scaevola D. 20, 1, 34pr.「店鋪出質案」為探討中心

本文藉由分析公元2世紀羅馬法學家斯凱沃拉（Scaevola）著名的「店鋪出質案」，探討羅馬法質權的歷史演變，呈現羅馬法學家如何從質權發展出類似英國法的「浮動資產擔保」。古典羅馬法的質（pignus）具有三重含意：作為債權性質的要物契約（設質契約）、質權標的物、以及作為定限物權的質權。從歷史發展的角度來看，pignus從債權發展成物權，從須移轉占有到無須移轉占有，又從特定物質權發展出概括質權。公元前一世紀的塞維爾訴訟（actio Serviana）確立質權人得對第三人主張其權利。在質權制度的發展過程中，受到希臘法「抵押」（hypotheca）的影響，羅馬法的質權與抵押在用語上發生交錯。同時，羅馬法學家以當事人符合商業交易需求的方式解釋其質權約定，修正了塞維爾訴訟的要件，承認了概括質權，而發展出類似當代法的「浮動資產擔保」。

This article explores the historical evolution of pignus in Roman law through the analysis of the famous case“pignus of shop”by Scaevola in the 2nd century. It demonstrates how Roman jurists developed an institute similar to the“floating charge”in English law from pignus. In classical Roman law, pignus has triple meanings: as a contractus re with a credit nature, as the object of the pignus, and as a limited right in rem. From a historical perspective, pignus evolved from a contractual right into a right in rem, with the gradual relaxation of the requirement concerning the transfer of possession, whereby the pignus of general property was finally recognized. The actio Serviana established in the 1st century BCE allowed the pignuscreditor to assert their rights against third parties. Due to influences from“hypotheca”in ancient Greek law, the terminology of pignus and hypotheca became intertwined in Roman law. Additionally, Roman jurists interpreted the agreement of pignus in a way that aligned with commercial needs, modifying the requirements of the actio Serviana to recognize pignus of general property, thereby developing a system similar to the modern ''floating charge.''