論中小學文體活動組織者的安保義務與民事責任──以新體育法和《民法典》為背景

中小學文體活動組織者的安保義務與相關民事責任的分配，依學生的民事行爲能力和侵權行爲的來源，直接涉及《民法典》第1199-1201條、第1173條和第1176條。對這一主題的研究，需要強化法學基礎理論、分類討論和立法檢討。爲避免相關知識的碎片化和籠統性，運用一種整體觀進行研究。在學校文體活動中，對於無民事行爲能力人，第1199條應當強調教育機構合理的保護職責；對於限制民事行爲能力人，第1200條應當強調教育機構對學生教育、管理和必要的服務職責。法律解釋上管理職責能否包括保護或者服務職責，值得深入討論。適用第1173條，應符合邏輯、實踐經驗和基本正義。正確適用第1200條，涉及對第1176（1）條「自甘風險」的理解，應當基於對「每個人是自身安全的第一責任人」的否定性理解，從嚴把握「自甘風險」三個構成要件，並從案情事實的層面查明真實情況。未成年人通常不具有適用「自甘風險」原則的主客觀條件。因此，對限制民事行爲能力人「自甘風險」的認定，應重點查明「願意接受風險」是否存在事實，並要求主張者按照舉證責任規則承擔嚴格的舉證責任。中小學校文體活動中因校外第三人的行爲直接造成學生傷害，而學校未盡到合理的安保義務且與這種傷害有因果關係的，應當承擔必要的補充賠償責任。

the distribution of security obligations and related civil liabilities of the organizers of sport and recreation activities in primary and secondary schools, directly involves articles 1199-1201, article 1173 and article 1176 of the Civil Code of PRC according to the civil capacity of students and the source of infringement. The research on this topic needs to strengthen basic theories of law, classified discussion and legislative review. In order to avoid the fragmentation and generality of this knowledge, it is necessary to use a holistic view to classify these articles. In the context of school sports activities under the background of new sports law, article 1199 should emphasize reasonable protection obligation of educational institutions for persons without civil capacity; and article 1200 shall emphasize the obligations of education, management and necessary service to students with limited capacity for civil conduct. Whether the management responsibility in legal interpretation can include the protection obligation and service obligation is worthy to further discuss. The application of Article 1173 should comply with logic, practical experience, and basic justice. The correct application of article 1200 involves the understanding of article 1176 (1) ''willing acceptance of risk'', which should be strictly grasped the three required elements of the doctrine,with a negative understanding ''everyone is the first responsible person for his own safety'', and find out the truth from the level of facts of cases.Minors usually do not have the subjective and objective conditions to apply the principle of ''willing acceptance of risk''. Therefore, in determining the ''willing acceptance of risk'' by individuals with limited capacity for civil conduct, the focus should be on investigating whether there is a fact of ''willingness to accept risk'', and requiring the defendant to bear strict burden of proof in accordance with the rules of burden of proof. If students are directly injured due to the behavior of a third party outside the school in sport and recreation activities of primary and secondary schools, and the school shall bear the necessary supplementary liability for compensation, if it fails to fulfill its reasonable security obligations and has a causal relationship with such injuries.