寄託出入融畫於文──周濟文章理論之特色探討

Sentiment in writing, Communication between literature and art methods–A discussion of the characteristics of Zhou Ji's essay writing theory

周濟的文章學理論，大致包含文學觀、創作論與筆法論三方面。在文學觀方面，是與時俱進的。他的文學思想特別重視「經經緯史」，以發揮「經世致用」的效益；且承繼陽湖派「融鑄會通」之精神，以臻於「文藝互通」的創作理論。在創作論方面，是承先啟後的，並與其詞論密切相關，可分為「文本性情」、「沉思獨往」與「寄託出入」諸論，其中「寄託出入說」，除繼承張惠言比興寄託之意義外，更提出「非寄託不入，專寄託不出」之法，補充張惠言理論之不足，強調作品本身的藝術特質。就筆法論而言，則主張「融畫於文」，以「文藝互通」之理論為基礎，援畫法來論文法，因而提出「自然天成」、「虛實順逆」、「頓挫排盪」與「勾勒翻轉」等筆法論。周濟之詞學，可謂常州詞派之骨鯁；然而周濟的文章學，亦有承有創，奇絕豐富，光彩絢麗。

Zhou Ji's essayism consists of three aspects: literary view, creation theory, and composition theory. In terms of literary view, he is up-to-date. His literary thought attaches special importance to ''understanding the history context'' to bring into play the benefits of ''being practical when administering affairs''. He also inherited the spirit of ''integration and convergence'' from the Yanghu School in order to achieve the theory of creation of ''interoperability of literature and art''. The theory of creation was inherited and closely related to his theory of lyrics, which can be divided into the theories of ''text disposition'', ''contemplation and solitude'', and ''sentiment in writing''. In the theory of ''sentiment in writing'', not only Zhang Huiyin's meaning of metaphor and sentiment was inherited, but the method of ''no writing without sentiment, sentiment invisible in writing'' was also proposed, which complements Zhang Huiyin's method of commentary and emphasizes the artistic quality of the work itself. In terms of the theory of composition, it is a blend of painting and literature, to discuss the method of composition via the method of painting based on the theory of ''interoperability of literature and art''. Thus, the theories of composition such as ''natural formation'', ''real and imaginary'', ''pause and transition in rhythm and reverberation'', and ''outlining and turning'' were proposed. Zhou Ji's lyricism can be regarded as the backbone of the Changzhou School of lyricism; however, Zhou Ji's essayism is also inherited and created, rich in wonder and splendor.