越南語動詞後的「được」：表達體貌、情態、謂詞及說話者承諾的用法

VIETNAMESE POST-VERBALĐƯỢC: ASPECTUALITY, MODALITY, PREDICATION, AND SPEAKER COMMITMENT

首先，本文主張越南語中的「được」（字面意義為「獲得、取得、得到」）只有在作為動詞後情態助動詞時能表達能願模態意。動後「được」若沒有此解讀，則不是情態助動詞，而是作為終點性（telicity）的體貌標記、評價性謂詞（evaluative predicate）或語用標記。接著，我們探討了動後「được」的句法和解釋特性，且採納「được」在表達動相（Aktionsart）或能願模態意時是動詞組內部（VP- internal）功能投射的看法。在具有否決念力（denial force）的句子中，句末的「được」被分析為一種承諾（commitment）標記（Krifka 2015，2023；Wiltschko、Heim 2016），用來表達說話者對先前話語的否決。

This study first argues that Vietnameseđược (lit.‘gain, acquire, come to have’) indicates only dynamic readings in the capacity of a post-verbal modal auxiliary. If a post-verbalđược is not interpreted dynamically, it does not serve as a modal auxiliary, but is either an aspectual marker of telicity, an evaluative predicate, or a pragmatic marker. We then address the syntactic and interpretive properties of post-verbalđược, adopting the view thatđược heads a functional projection below VP when encoding either Aktionsart or dynamic modal meaning. In sentences with a denial illocutionary force, sentence-finalđược is analyzed as a commitment marker (Krifka 2015, 2023; Wiltschko and Heim 2016) communicating the speaker’s public endorsement of the denial of a previous utterance.