匈牙利的國家認同──歷史傷痛與新認同

National Identity of Hungary: Historical Grief and New Identity

匈牙利的國家認同由千年的歷史、獨特的語言及經歷過征服、革命和地緣政治變遷的堅韌精神所塑造。從西元895年馬扎爾人進入喀爾巴阡盆地開始，匈牙利歷經蒙古人和鄂圖曼帝國的入侵，19世紀的民族主義興盛及1848年反對哈布斯堡統治的革命，1920年『特里亞農條約』剝奪了大部分領土，20世紀共產主義時期的壓制及1956年的革命。1989年冷戰結束後，匈牙利的國家認同轉向動態過程，2004年加入歐盟後努力保持獨特性。自2010年以來，奧班政府反對歐盟的全球化與自由主義倡議，強調基督教價值觀、民族同質性和主權，並在2011年改變公民身分的界定，強化族群民族主義，這些變化引發與歐盟的價值觀爭議，反映出匈牙利在全球化與民族主義間的平衡挑戰。

Hungary's national identity has been shaped by a millennium of history, a unique language, and a resilient spirit forged through conquests, revolutions, and geopolitical changes. Since the Magyars entered the Carpathian Basin in 895, Hungary has endured invasions by the Mongols and the Ottoman Empire, the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, and the 1848 revolution against Habsburg rule. The Treaty of Trianon in 1920 stripped Hungary of much of its territory, followed by the oppressive communist era and the 1956 revolution. After the end of the Cold War in 1989, Hungary's national identity entered a dynamic process, striving to maintain its uniqueness after joining the European Union in 2004. Since 2010, the Orbán government has opposed the EU’s globalization and liberal initiatives, emphasizing Christian values, national homogeneity, and sovereignty. In 2011, the government redefined citizenship, reinforcing ethnic nationalism. These changes have sparked value disputes with the EU, reflecting Hungary's challenge in balancing globalization and nationalism.