匈牙利奧班政府時期的外交政策

Foreign Policy in Hungary during the Orban Period

自2010年奧班領導匈牙利青年民主主義者聯盟重返執政以來，匈牙利的外交政策發生了顯著轉變。本文分析奧班政府的實用主義外交政策，特別是其「東方開放」政策，探討其與中、俄等非西方大國的深度合作，以及挑戰歐盟規範的策略。奧班政府以「非自由民主」為治理模式，強調國家主權與經濟自主，並透過多邊與雙邊策略維持與大國間的平衡，重塑匈牙利的地緣政治定位。文章指出，奧班的外交政策體現了以國家利益為核心的「主權實用主義」，拒絕國際規範的約束。儘管匈牙利的對外政策曾為經濟層面帶來了一定成果，但其對歐盟價值觀的挑戰及與非西方國家的合作，已使匈牙利成為歐盟內部具爭議的成員國。本文認為，奧班政府的外交政策短期內可能促進經濟發展，但其長期影響，包括對國家安全與國際合作的挑戰，仍需進一步觀察。

Since Viktor Orbán’s return to power in 2010 as the leader of the Fidesz party, Hungary's foreign policy has undergone a significant transformation. This articler examines the pragmatic foreign policy of the Orbán administration, particularly its“Eastern Opening”policy, which involves deepening cooperation with non-Western powers such as China and Russia while challenging EU norms. Orbán’s government governs under an“illiberal democracy”model, emphasizing national sovereignty and economic independence. By leveraging both multilateral and bilateral strategies, Hungary seeks to reshape its geopolitical positioning. The study highlights Orbán’s“sovereigntist pragmatism,”a policy framework that prioritizes national interests over adherence to international norms. While Hungary’s foreign policy has yielded certain economic benefits, its challenges to EU values and alignment with non-Western powers have made it one of the most controversial EU member states. The article concludes that although Orbán’s foreign policy may bring short-term economic gains, its long-term implications, including risks to national security and international cooperation, warrant further scrutiny.