揭丕號以正名──尊號與兩宋之交政治過程

Rectifying Titles: Regnal Names and the Political Processes of the Northern-Southern Song Transition

「尊號」與「上（冊）尊號儀（禮）」為後世君主常用之儀式，起初為唐高宗與武后所興，用以彰顯皇權，並成為唐宋禮典中規範的正式過程。到了南宋時期，尊號儀不再用於現任皇帝，常被用於退位皇帝、皇后。學者認為尊號制度由北宋至南宋，其內涵從強化在位皇權轉變為表達對父母的尊敬與祝福，經歷了自「尊君」向「行孝」的轉化。然而，尊號制度在北宋神宗朝其實已經罷廢，徽宗末才重啟。重審宣和末年尊號制度的恢復及其後欽宗、高宗對尊號運用的政治過程可以發現，尊號制度在靖康至建炎年間混亂時期復活，起初僅為應對現實的權宜之策，後來被宋高宗利用成為塑造新政權正統性的工具，最後才漸漸固定為表達孝道的儀式。

The practice of bestowing“regnal names”尊號and conducting the“ceremony for conferring regnal names”上尊號儀became a common ritual among Tang and Song dynasty monarchs, which was initially introduced by Emperor Gaozong (r. 649-683) and Empress Wu Zetian武則天(r. 690-705) of the Tang dynasty to exalt imperial authority and later became a formalized process in the ceremonial codes of the Tang and Song. However, during the period of the Southern Song dynasty, the ceremony was no longer employed for reigning emperors but was instead frequently used for abdicated emperors and empresses. Scholars suggest that from the Northern to the Southern Song, the meanings of the regnal name system transformed from emphasizing the authority of the reigning sovereign to expressing respect and blessings for their parents, signifying a shift from“honoring the ruler”to“practicing filial piety.”However, the system had actually been abolished during the reign of Emperor Shenzong (r. 1067-1085) of the Northern Song and was not reinstituted until the late reign of Emperor Huizong (r. 1100-1126). A re-examination of the political processes of the reinstitution of the regnal name system in the late Xuanhe era, namely 1126, of Emperor Huizong as well as its subsequent use by emperors Qinzong (r. 1126-1127) and Gaozong (r. 1127-1162) reveals that its revival during the chaotic period from the Jingkang to Jianyan eras (1126-1130) initially served as a pragmatic response to immediate circumstances. It was later appropriated by Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song as a tool to legitimize the new regime, and only over time did it gradually become a ritual primarily associated with the expression of filial piety.