表演公堂：明清崑劇「公堂戲」的藝術創造與律法想像

Legal Dramas: Imagination And Dissemination Of The Law And The Discipline In The Kunqu Drama Fragments In The Qing Dynasty

戲曲中的獄訟書寫與表演，體現了文人與民間視角下的法制觀念，故本文以清代折子戲所演繹的「公堂戲」為中心，首節追溯明清傳奇與崑劇表演的歷史環境與法制依據，分析其間異同所反映的精神內涵與社會意義；次節從劇目、排場與科諢等表演角度，探析常民視角與家門藝術下公堂審判的舞臺呈現；末節則將傳奇創作與崑劇表演置於明清社會文化的脈絡中，總結出崑劇公堂戲所體現的律法意識與時代精神——一方面體現了文人維繫社會階級秩序的理想，一方面也滲入民間對於朝廷威權與法度失序的觀感，同時以文學化、藝術化的手法刻劃了明清時的公堂規儀與審判流程，保存了特定時期的司法制度與律法文化。

Chinese opera played an essential role on the dissemination of the legal system among the public in the ancient times. This essay targets the Kunqu legal drama fragments in the Qing dynasty and consists of three parts. Firstly, it analyzes the drama fragments regarding the history, environment and legality basis to explore the spiritual connotations and social meanings. Secondly, it examines the interpretation of the court with the character categories art from the perspective of the populace in the aspects of the repertoire, stage layout, song-sets, gags, etc. Lastly, it studies the Chuanqi creations and Kunqu performances with the Qing sociocultural context to elaborate the uniqueness of Kunqu legal dramas on the dissemination of the law and discipline concepts. To sum up, the court performances in the Kunqu legal dramas represent the literati’s ideal of the maintenance of the social hierarchy order; meanwhile, they show the impression of the power of the government and the disorder of the legal system from the perspective of the populace. Furthermore, the realistic enforcement details in the Kunqu legal dramas display the popularization of Ming-Qing legal knowledge, and preserve certain legal system and legal awareness of a specific period.