「天選」與「民選」：《墨子》「尚同」組別的天人關係架構與選立制度起源

'Divine Selection'' and '' People's Choice '': The Framework of the Relationship between Heaven and Man and the Origin of the Monarchic Selection System in the ''Shang Tong'' Triplet of ''Mozi''

《墨子》十論「尚同」組別素為墨學政治思想的研究焦點，其中涉及墨家如何看待君主的選立制度，特別是其屬於「天選」或「民選」的辯論，這也反映了墨家如何理解「天人關係」的議題。本文提出「尚同」組別的「天選」與「民選」爭議，源於過往研究經常把「尚同」組別上、中、下篇文本混為一談，導致學界對此議題的理解存在嚴重分歧。自19世紀末期起，東亞學者開始將「尚同」與西方的「民約論」進行比較，其中梁啟超認為「尚同」強調君主起源是由民眾公舉的「民選」觀點，而郭沫若則認為墨家較偏向君權神授的「天選」觀點。本文嘗試從墨家內部差異的角度重新解讀「尚同」政治思想，主張各篇文本在「天人關係」的論述框架上有其獨特性，從而影響其對君主選立制度的看法。

The ''Shang Tong''(尚同) Triplet of Mozi has long been a focal point in the study of Mohist political thought, particularly in terms of how the Mohist school views the system of monarchic selection, especially the debate over whether it belongs to the ''Divine Selection'' or '' People's Choice '' perspective. This also reflects the Mohist understanding of the topic of the relationship between heaven and man. This article suggests that the debate over ''Divine Selection'' and '' People's Choice '' in the ''Shang Tong'' Triplet arises from past studies that often amalgamated the texts of the shang (上) , zhong (中), and xia (下) parts of the ''Shang Tong'' Triplet, leading to significant divergence in the academic understanding of this topic. Since the late 19th century, East Asian scholars began to compare ''Shang Tong'' with the Western ''Social Contract Theory''. Among them, Liang Qichao(梁啟超) believed that ''Shang Tong'' emphasized the origin of the monarch as being elected by the public, a '' People's Choice '' perspective, while Guo Moruo(郭沫若) considered the Mohist view to lean towards the ''Divine Selection'' perspective, suggesting a divinely appointed monarchic authority. This paper attempts to reinterpret the ''Shang Tong'' political thought from the perspective of internal differences within the Mohist school, arguing that each text has its unique framework in discussing the relationship between heaven and man, thereby affecting its view on the system of monarchic selection.