應報作為刑罰的正當性基礎

Retribution as the Legitimacy of Punishment

本文旨在建構應報理論的正當性基礎，以一元化的論證模式，同時證立刑罰目的與刑罰正當性，兼及我國不同應報理論學說的關懷與思維並予以整合。
應報觀點的核心在於，國家有必要用刑罰回應一個與其價值程度相對應、出自主體意志決定的犯罪行為。應報理論之證立，因而必須先肯定個人的主體性，論證國家與主體負擔的義務關聯性，並說明現實上刑罰與犯罪的對應合理性。本文主張，個人作為公民，理念上與國家相互承認，並由此獲致主體地位；個別主體的自由須在國家內實現，現實上的自由依存於體制化了的，與其他主體共同維繫的行為秩序框架，公民因而對此一自由秩序的持續實踐負有義務。犯罪行為即是對此義務的違反，行為人透過行為，體現出對現行規範秩序的重大否定立場，而代表著整體法秩序的國家，則應在現實上以一個同等嚴厲的客觀措施回應。透過這個「對否定的否定」，原初規範的普遍性與有效性得以在現實上真正獲得確證。

This article aims to propose a foundational framework for the theory of retribution by employing a unified argumentation model, thus simultaneously justifying both the purpose and legitimacy of punishment, addressing the core concerns of various retribution theories within my country, and integrating these different approaches into a cohesive whole.
At the heart of this retribution perspective is the principle that the state must impose punishment in response to criminal acts in a manner that corresponds to their value and is determined by the will of the subject. Theoretically, this necessitates an affirmation of the subjectivity of the individual, a demonstration of the relationship between the state’s obligations and the individual, and an explanation of the rationality behind the correspondence between punishment and crime.
This article argues that, as citizens, individuals conceptually recognize themselves in relation to the state and thereby acquire subject status. The freedom of individual subjects can only be realized within the framework of the state; actual freedom depends on an institutionalized behavioral order jointly maintained with other subjects. Therefore, individuals have an obligation to uphold and continue practicing in this free order. When a citizen violates this obligation and, through their behavior, adopts a fundamentally negative stance toward the existing order, it becomes necessary for the state—as the embodiment of the overall legal order—to respond with an equally severe objective measure. Through this“negation of negation,”the universality and validity of the original norm can be reaffirmed.