傳統法時期清俄關係之規範研究

Normative Study on Qing-Russia Relations in the Period of Traditional Law

從法規範的角度看，傳統法時期1的清、俄關係處於一種變動與雜糅的狀態。入關之初，清朝基本將來華要求通商的俄國當做與喀爾喀蒙古各部類似的藩部來處理，清朝眼中的中俄之間的互動關係，依然是一種變通過的對外理藩體制。康熙以後，《尼布楚條約》《恰克圖條約》等一系列中俄之間的條約成為清、俄關係的重要規範依據。然而，清朝並沒有直接將這些條約規範放入內國法規範體系當中去，而是經過換裝，以《會典事例》和《理藩院則例》的條文呈現。清朝為了更好地實踐條約所規定的各事項，還在《大清會典》《理藩院則例》以及《大清律例》等不同形式的法規範體系當中設計了不少用以細化、補充或者輔助條約規範的條文，這些處於不同法規範檔、有著不同法律效力的規範共同架構並豐富了調整清、俄關係的條約體制規範體系。

From the perspective of legal codification, early Qing-Russian relations were characterized by flux and intermixing. At the beginning of the Dynasty, the Qing government treated Russia—which sought trade with China—as a vassal state, comparable to the tribes of Khalkha Mongolia. This approach reflected the Qing perception of Qing-Russian relations as an extension of the external tributary system. Since the Post-Kangxi era, treaties such as the Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Treaty of Kyakhta emerged as key normative frameworks governing Qing-Russian interactions. Notably, they were not directly promulgated as standalone laws within the Qing domestic legal system. Instead, they were incorporated as articles within, inter alia, Da Qing Huidian Shili (《會典事例》) and Lifanyuan Zeli (《理藩院則例》). To effectively implement the stipulations of these treaties, the Qing government devised additional articles for refinement and supplementation within various legal documents, including Da Qing Huidian (《大清會典》), Lifanyuan Zeli (《理藩院則例》), and Da Qing Lüli (《大清律例》). These articles, differing in legal effect and dispersed across multiple legal texts, collectively shaped and enhanced the treaty-centric regulatory framework that governed Qing-Russian relations.