海洋遺傳資源治理的知識產權平衡

Balance on Governance of Marine Genetic Resources and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

知識產權是海洋遺傳資源利用活動的伴生權利，由於技術和資金的差距，現有的與海洋遺傳資源相關的知識產權呈現出顯著的壟斷趨勢，由此可能引發嚴重的利益失衡。在制度層面上，知識產權的獨佔性和排他性潛在地限制海洋遺傳資源的獲取，排斥惠益分享尤其是貨幣性惠益的分享，阻礙技術轉讓。對此，通過將知識產權惠益納入海洋遺傳資源惠益分享，以來源披露輔助海洋遺傳資源利用監測，同時拓展知識性惠益的傳播路徑，可以在一定程度上緩和知識產權保護與海洋遺傳資源治理目標之間的緊張關係。海洋遺傳資源治理中的知識產權失衡歸根結底是知識產權制度內部的問題，與海洋遺傳資源相關的國際文書如BBNJ協定並未對知識產權問題作出直接的規定。因此，世界知識產權組織有關知識產權制度框架下保護遺傳資源的國際進程，是未來進一步討論海洋遺傳資源與知識產權相關問題的重要參考。

Intellectual property rights are arising from the utilization of marine genetic resources. Due to technical and financial gaps among countries, there is a trend of monopoly on intellectual property rights in relation to genetic resources, probably causing severe imbalance on distribution of interests. The monopolistic and exclusive nature of intellectual property rights could pose restrictions on access to marine genetic resources, and resistance on benefit-sharing especially on monetary benefit-sharing, and impediment on transfer of technology. Therefore, it is necessary to ease the tension between governance on marine genetic resources and protection of intellectual property rights, by including intellectual property interests into benefit-sharing mechanism, requiring disclosure of origin to improve transparency, and expanding the dissemination of public knowledge. All in all, the imbalance is caused by the inadequacy of intellectual property regimes, so international instruments on genetic resources including BBNJ Agreement avoided direct regulation on intellectual property rights. So, current negotiation under World Intellectual Property Organization to finalize an agreement on an international legal instrument(s) could provide important reference to future discussion on marine genetic resources and intellectual property rights.