記憶與技藝──論吳兆騫詩文陳述之流放經驗及其自我形象建構

Memory and Craftsmanship──on the Exile Experience and Self-image Construction Stated in Wu Zhaoqian's Works

東北流人詩文是文學史之特殊風景，作品中頗常出現酷寒場景的描述。若想當然耳地推斷，位居中國東北的寧古塔或瀋陽在清代確實容易給人氣候嚴寒，經濟尚未發展的落後印象。然而，創作本容許虛構性，因應對象不同亦有交際、應酬等社會功能，若仔細爬梳流人文學中對於東北生活的描寫，比對出發、路程、抵達、遷徙、返鄉等不同階段，當可更加清楚每一個遭遇流放者的心境轉折。
吳兆騫乃流人中頗為知名者，本文以《秋笳集》為研究對象，針對吳兆騫流放東北之相關詩文創作，展開較細緻的討論。觀察他與親友的書信往來，勾勒出其筆下的寧古塔印象，突顯出吳兆騫扮演不同身份角色，詩文表現出的應對之姿也有不同，未可一概而論。本文以為吳兆騫在寧古塔的諸多「自我表述」，只反映出部分真實，更多時候，無以為繼的貧窮、苦寒，當來自於刻意的描摹。
當聚焦於文學本身，詩人、文人仍是有血有肉的存在，不可避免地有各種情感，乃至於性格的缺陷與陰暗面。吳兆騫固然不負才子之名，然而從作品中同樣可看出他空有文采卻不善治生，也不宜遽然指為顛沛困頓中而能安貧樂道。從詩用的角度出發，對比顧貞觀等友人對他堅忍不屈、創作不懈的評價，吳兆騫對自身形象的塑造應屬成功。總括而論，從吳兆騫的例子不難看出詩歌抒情之完成，一部份源於詩歌具備敘事潛質。

Northeast shed poetry is a special landscape in literary history, whether Ningguta or Shenyang, the land of cold weather and backward economy, appears to have no self-evident. Most of the works together shed such image of bitter cold,, and these work are rarely discussed later. However, within the realm of creative expression, where fiction is permissible and serves various social functions such as communication and entertainment, a closer examination of Northeast shed literature reveals a clearer understanding of the emotional transitions experienced by exiles at different stages --departure, journey, arrival, migration, and return.
Wu Zhaoqian, a quite well known figure among exiles, is the subject of study in this paper. This paper studied Wu Zhaoqian’s work“Autumn Wars Set”, and particularly focused on discussing his literary creations related to his exile in the Northeast. Through an analysis of his correspondence with family and friends and a portrayal of Ningguta, this paper highlights the different roles Wu Zhaoqian assumes, and the corresponding shifts in his literary expression, suggesting that his numerous“self-expressions”in Ningguta only partially reflect reality. Often times the description of poverty and bitter coldness were portrayed deliberately than actualexperience.
When focusing on literature itself, poets and writers remain human, and thus inevitably subject to various emotions and even flaws. While Wu Zhaoqian may possess literary talent, his works reveal a struggle with practical aspects of life, challenging the notion of embracing poverty as a path to contentment. By juxtaposing Wu's portrayal with the steadfastness and relentless creativity attributed by his contemporaries like Gu Zhen Guan, Wu Zhaoqian's successful construction of his own image becomes apparent. In summary, through the example of Wu Zhaoqian, it's evident that the completion of poetic lyricism stems in part from its narrative potential.