究竟是什麼樣的棘手問題？不確定性類型在畜牧廢水治理實踐分析中的應用

What Kind of Wicked Problem? Applying Uncertainty Typology in Livestock Wastewater Management Practice Analysis

河川污染是一個複雜的環境問題或所謂的棘手問題，涉及人類活動的多重投入，不斷在經濟發展的需要和生態系統保育的需要之間徘徊。本研究的目的是提醒研究人員或實務工作者，除了探索各種技術或硬基礎設施解決方案來應對畜牧廢水污染河川挑戰外，我們還應該採取「軟」基礎設施方法來審視「不確定性」的複雜性是如何嵌入到問題中。從方法論上來說，本研究旨在利用政策回顧資料和在養豬場最密集的地區之一——臺灣屏東進行的問卷調查來回答主要研究問題：畜牧廢水管理是一個什麼樣的棘手問題。通過將Dewulf和Biesbroek在2018年開發的九種不確定性類型學應用於資料分析，我們的研究結果顯示需要根據臺灣的多層次治理來區分畜牧廢水解決方案或策略。分析結果還指出，當我們試圖理解河川復育治理中人與自然相互作用在不同階段的異質性時，需要考慮時間變因。除此之外，臺灣研究個案中最多的「不確定性」問題是與缺乏畜牧廢水再利用知識以及不同利害關係者之間未知的相互作用有關。

River pollution is a complex environmental issue or so-called wicked problem involving multiple inputs of anthropogenic activities, constantly straggling between the needs of economic development and ecosystem conservation. The objective of this study is to remind researchers or practitioners that aside from exploring a variety of technical or hard infrastructure solutions to tackle the livestock wastewater river pollution challenge, we should also take a“soft”infrastructure approach to examine the complexity of“uncertainties”embedded in the problem. Methodologically speaking, this research aims to use policy retrospective data and survey conducted in one of the most pig farm intensive regions - Pingtung, Taiwan to answer the main research question: what kind of wicked problem is livestock wastewater management. By applying the nine lives of uncertainty typology developed by Dewulf and Biesbroek in 2018 in the data analysis, our findings imply the need to differentiate livestock wastewater solutions or strategies based on multilevel of governance in Taiwan. The analytical results also suggest that a temporal variable needs to be taken into account when we try to understand the heterogeneity of human-nature interaction at different time periods in river restoration governance. Beyond that, the most reported“uncertainty”problem in Taiwan is related to the lack of livestock wastewater repurposing knowledge and the unknown interaction between different stakeholders.