從價值觀邁向幸福感的十字路口：運用多層次模型探討個體價值、文化價值與主觀幸福感的關係

Intersection of values and well-being: using hierarchical linear models to examine the relationships between personal values, cultural dimensions and subjective well-being

目標：主觀幸福感的預測因子具文化差異，本文由價值觀切入，探討個體之個人自主性與社會共融性對幸福感的效果如何受文化調節。方法：整併第六波《世界價值觀調查》與Hofstede文化向度等資料庫，運用多層次模型分析31國、共40,195筆資料，並視覺化呈現自主性與共融性的效果如何隨不同文化向度而變動。結果：自主性與共融性對幸福感皆有正向效果，且兩者效果皆有顯著跨國變異，其中共融性的效益較穩定。跨層次交互作用分析結果不支持「價值觀同化效益」，而是支持「價值觀互補效益」假設：當一國文化愈偏向集體主義、注重約束性規範、權威與服從，自主性對幸福感的正向效果反而增強；而在強放任主義文化國家，自主性甚至出現負向效果。結論：當個體能夠不被主流文化過度同化，而是發展出異於群體文化價值的傾向，反而可能增進幸福感。故推動相關政策時宜將個體價值觀與文化脈絡納入考量，鼓勵人們了解自身文化所注重與忽略處，兼容學習不同於群體主流的價值觀。

Objectives: Predictors of subjective well-being vary across cultures. The current study focused on personal value orientation, analyzing how culture moderates the effects of agency and communion on subjective well-being. Methods: Integrating Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey, we used hierarchical linear models to analyze 40,195 responses from 31 countries. How the effects of agency and communion vary across different cultural dimensions was visualized. Results: Agency and communion have positive effects on subjective well-being, with significant cross-national variation in both effects. The results of cross-level interaction analyses do not support the hypothesis of a“value assimilation benefit”but rather support the hypothesis of a“value complementary benefit”: the positive effect of agency on well-being is stronger in countries with a stronger cultural emphasis on collectivism, restrained societal norms, and acceptance of power inequality. Moreover, agency may even have a negative effect on well-being in countries with a strong culture of indulgence. Conclusions: Subjective well-being may be enhanced by developing personal value orientations distinct from those of the collective culture rather than by assimilating mainstream cultural values. Policy makers promoting well-being should consider individuals’value orientation within cultural contexts and encourage individuals to understand both the emphasized and neglected aspects of their culture and accept values different from those of the collective mainstream.