違法性認識錯誤可避免性：可罰性本質與規範性判斷

在刑法適用的層面；違法性認識錯誤的關鍵在於該認識錯誤是否具有可避免性。錯誤可避免性判斷是對行為人產生違法性認識錯誤進行刑法歸責的教義學方案。該問題尚未在我國《刑法》中得以明文規定；但能夠在可避免性的本質和可避免性的判斷兩個層面得到合理回應。在可避免性的本質層面；認識錯誤情形的可罰性基礎不在於行為人的義務違反或管轄責任；而在於行為人未使用的不法洞察力。在可避免性的判斷層面；認識錯誤所涉及刑法規範的公開性與明確性應當作為可避免性的規範前提；與錯誤可避免性的個體審查一併納入到規範性判斷的教義學框架中。

In the criminal law theory, it is debated whether the mistake of law negates the criminal intent or the criminal liability. At the level of application, however, the critical question is whether the mistake of law is avoidable or not. In other words, avoidability of the mistake of law is the key in doctrinal analysis to determine criminal liability. However, this has given rise to the theoretical problem on“avoidability”. While this issue has not yet been clearly stipulated in the criminal law, it can be reasonably dealt with in the following two dimensions: the nature of avoidability and the determination of avoidability. On the dimension of the nature of avoidability, the basis for the punishability of the mistake of law is not the breach of duty or responsibility (Zuständigkeit), but the unused ability to observe the unlawfulness (ungenutzte Einsichtsfähigkeit). On the dimension of the determination of avoidability, the openness and clarity of the relevant criminal law should be considered as a normative precondition to determine avoidability, while incorporated into the doctrinal framework of normative judgement together with the individual review of avoidability.