“孔子誅少正卯案”在宋代的旅行──經典名案的援引與創生

“孔子誅少正卯案”是中國古代經典案例之一；學界對其已有較多研究；但多側重於歷史學和文獻學分析；較少關注實踐中的援引與適用。梳理宋代援引“孔子誅少正卯案”的一系列案件可知；宋人對該案的援引頻率遠高於其他時代；不但王安石、蘇軾、李綱、朱熹等著名人物曾被指為少正卯；而且指控相當有效；被指者大多速遭貶逐。宋代疑古辨偽思潮興起；並不缺乏質疑該案真實性的學術能力；但理論上的質疑與實踐中的援引同步而行。孔子對少正卯未審而誅；不符合儒家德治恤刑理念；卻並沒有影響宋人將該案奉為經典。可見經典名案的效力創生；並不取決於案件的真確性；而取決於援引的語境適恰性。宋代蓬勃高漲的“君子小人之辨”；復古思潮引發的“先王之法”崇拜；刑罰實踐中重刑主義的復興；使“孔子誅少正卯案”獲得了高度的語境適恰性；其對司法程序和定罪標準常規化的破壞值得重視。

The case of Confucius executing Shaozhengmao is one of ancient China's classic cases, with much scholarly research focusing on historical and textual analysis rather than practical application. In the Song Dynasty, this case was cited much more frequently than in other eras, with notable figures such as Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Li Gang, and Zhu Xi being compared to Shaozhengmao, often leading to their rapid demotion. Despite scholarly skepticism about the case's authenticity, its citation in practice continued, showing that the creation of a case's significance depends on the appropriateness of its citation context rather than its factual accuracy. The Song Dynasty's“nobleman—villain distinction,”the revival of“the laws of the ancient kings,”and the resurgence of harsh punishment in penal practice contributed to the high contextual suitability of citing the case, highlighting its impact on the normalization of judicial procedures and conviction standards, which is worthy of much more attention.